The invention discloses a lithium battery electrolyte injection system with a self-checking function. The lithium battery electrolyte injection system comprises a feeding unit, a middle electrolyte injection unit, a middle sealing unit, a weighing detection unit and a discharging unit, wherein the middle electrolyte injection unit comprises a middle belt conveyer, a battery positioning mould, a lifting plate, a first lifting air cylinder and a quantified electrolyte injector; the weighing detection unit comprises a front weighing sensor, a rear weighing sensor and a waste conveyer; and each of the feeding unit and the discharging unit comprises a belt conveyer, a straight sliding rail, a positioning air cylinder, a positioning block, a pickup air cylinder, a corner air cylinder and a vacuum chuck. According to the lithium battery electrolyte injection system, the inner cavity capacity of the quantified electrolyte injector is equal to a standard electrolyte injection amount of lithium batteries, so that the electrolyte amount pushed by an electrolyte injection air cylinder for each time is correctly equal to the standard electrolyte injection amount of lithium batteries, and the electrolyte injection precision is high; and the weighing detection unit can be used for detecting and monitoring the electrolyte injection quality, so that the unqualified products and fault problems of the electrolyte injector can be discovered in time and then the electrolyte injection quality is ensured.