The invention relates to a device and a method for measuring synchronous phase shifting interference of a Fizeau quasi-common optical path structure. The device comprises a laser, a half wave plate, a focusing lens, a spatial filter, a circularly polarized light beam splitter (an optically active crystal), a spectroscope, a collimating lens, a reference mirror, a pin-hole diaphragm, an imaging lens, a light splitting and phase shifting system, a computer control system and a CCD camera. According to the device and the method disclosed by the invention, a synchronous phase shifting technology is combined with a Fizeau interference method, so that technical difficulties of a conventional interferometer in poor stability and disability of realizing dynamic measurement are solved; the device and the method are characterized by utilizing an optical rotation effect of the crystal and adding the circularly polarized light beam splitter with a very small splitting angle in the Fizeau interfering structure, so as to realize orthogonally polarized separation of reference lights and test lights in a common optical path. The device and the method disclosed by the invention avoid utilization of a high-quality quarter wave plate in a synchronous phase-shifting interference system, and also greatly decrease a phase measurement error caused by a stress birefrigent effect which exists in an optical element of the system.