The invention discloses a lithium battery equivalent circuit model parameter online robust adaptive identification method. The method comprises the following steps of: establishing an SOC-OCV relation curve according to a battery open-circuit voltage and a state of charge; initializing system parameters, and setting initial values of theta(0) and P(0), an initial SOC state, lambda and a sampling period T; calculating Soc(k) of the k-th step by adopting an ampere-hour integral method, wherein k=1, 2,..., n; according to the collected battery current and terminal voltage observation data, calculating to obtain a matrix by combining an SOC-OCV function relationship; starting an RLsign algorithm, and calculating a1, a2, a3, a4 and a5 according to an iterative formula; further solving parameters R0, R1, R2, C1 and C2 in a battery model; and circulating the steps to carry out online identification on the model parameters so as to realize dynamic adjustment of the battery model parameters. According to the lithium battery equivalent circuit model parameter online robust adaptive identification method, the influence of non-Gaussian noise on parameter identification can be effectively reduced, and the effectiveness of parameter estimation precision is ensured; and the algorithm is stable, the calculation complexity is low, and the steady-state convergence precision is higher than that of other similar traditional algorithms under the non-Gaussian noise condition.