40 results about "Crotonaldehyde" patented technology

Provided herein are processes for preparing Compound A or a salt thereof, comprising admixing Compound B or a salt thereof and crotonaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst and a solvent to form Compound A

Provided herein are processes for preparing Compound A or a salt thereof, comprising admixing Compound B or a salt thereof and crotonaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst and a solvent to form Compound A

The invention discloses a paper composite filter material for reducing hydrocyanic acid and crotonaldehyde and a preparation method and application thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a gelator into a solvent to form a gelator solution; transferring the gelator solution into a liquid storage tank of an intaglio printing device, and printing and coating the gelator solution in the liquid storage tank onto a paper base material by using an anilox roller; the coated paper base material is conveyed to a low-temperature tunnel, so that nanofibers of a three-dimensional network structure are formed inside and on the surface of the paper base material in a self-assembly mode; and transferring the paper base material subjected to low-temperature treatment to a drying cylinder, and drying to obtain the paper composite filter material. According to the prepared paper composite filter material, the specific surface area in contact with smoke can be increased, the paper composite filter material can make full contact with the smoke in the process that the smoke passes through a filter stick, the interception capacity of the paper filter stick on hydrocyanic acid and crotonaldehyde in mainstream smoke of cigarettes is improved through amino and carboxyl groups on the surfaces of the nanofibers, and the sensory quality of the cigarettes with the paper filter stick is improved.

The invention relates to the field of chemical synthesis, in particular to a novel method for synthesizing beta-ethylthiobutyraldehyde, which comprises the following steps: S1, adding an anhydrous polar aprotic solvent which is dried by a 4A molecular sieve and subjected to nitrogen bubbling for 30 minutes to remove oxygen into a reactor provided with an external circulation cooling system under the conditions that the illumination intensity is less than or equal to 50lux in an amber glass reactor, and reacting for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 20-30 DEG C; the water content of the anhydrous polar aprotic solvent is less than or equal to 0.01%, the oxygen content of the anhydrous polar aprotic solvent is less than 5ppm, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether or methyl tert-butyl ether is selected as the solvent, the use amount of the solvent is 4 times of the mass of ethanethiol, ethanethiol with the purity of more than or equal to 99% and crotonaldehyde are added according to the molar ratio of 1: (1.05-1.2), high-purity nitrogen is introduced for replacement three times, the nitrogen micro-positive pressure is maintained in the whole process, and the temperature is controlled to be less than or equal to 10 DEG C through external circulation. According to the method, production can be performed in a low-temperature environment, triethylamine serving as a catalyst is not needed, so that unit consumption is lower, and the synthesized beta-ethylthiobutyraldehyde is more stable, less in decomposition and higher in yield and content due to low synthesis temperature.

The invention discloses modified EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) as well as a preparation method and application thereof. According to the invention, physical adsorption of activated carbon is combined with chemical adsorption of amino acid, so that acetaldehyde in an EVA product is greatly reduced, the yellowing problem of an EVOH product caused by condensation of crotonaldehyde in a subsequent alcoholysis process is avoided, and meanwhile, the composite strength of EVOH is also improved.

The invention discloses a synthetic method of 2-hydroxy-6-methyl benzoate. The synthetic method comprises the following steps: step 1, preparing an intermediate: carrying out Michael addition reaction on crotonaldehyde and 2-halogenated acetoacetate to obtain an intermediate 2-acetyl-2-halo-3-methyl-5-oxovalerate; step 2, preparation of a product: an intermediate 2-acetyl-2-halo-3-methyl-5-oxovalerate is subjected to intramolecular Adol condensation elimination aromatization reaction, 2-hydroxy-6-methyl benzoate is prepared with higher yield from economical and easily available raw materials and reagents under milder conditions, and the method is suitable for industrial production. The initial raw materials, the solvent and the catalyst are industrially cheap and easily available raw materials, so that the cost is low, and the method is more suitable for industrial production; the adopted reaction conditions are mild, byproducts are few, the yield is high, and a target product can be prepared more efficiently; the adopted synthesis route is high in atom economy, adopted solvents and reagents are easy to recycle, generated industrial three wastes are few, and the method is more environmentally friendly.

The invention provides a method for reducing crotonaldehyde in cigarette smoke. The method for reducing crotonaldehyde in cigarette smoke comprises the following steps: (1) mixing apocynum venetum extract with a solvent to prepare a first coating liquid; (2) applying the first coating liquid to the tobacco shreds; and (3) manufacturing cigarettes by adopting the tobacco shreds applied with the first coating liquid. The method can effectively reduce the content of crotonaldehyde in the mainstream smoke of the cigarettes, is simple to operate, easy to industrially realize, cheap and easily available in raw materials and low in production cost, the added substances are traditional Chinese medicine extracts, the requirements of food additive substances are met, the crotonaldehyde content in the smoke is reduced, meanwhile, the crotonaldehyde in the smoke can be coordinated with the cigarette smoke, and the aroma quality of the cigarettes is improved.

The invention relates to an evaluation method for characterizing cigarette smoking physiological irritation and application of the evaluation method. The evaluation method comprises the following steps: (1) determining the activity of alpha-salivary amylase in saliva of a smoker at three time points before and after smoking a to-be-detected cigarette; (2) calculating the variations delta U1, delta U2 and delta U3 of the activity of the alpha-salivary amylase after three time points after the to-be-detected cigarette is sucked and before the to-be-detected cigarette is sucked; (3) determining the content of main irritant components in the cigarette smoke; the main irritant components comprise total particulate matters, tar, formic acid, acrolein and crotonaldehyde; and (4) substituting the change quantity of the alpha-salivary amylase activity and the sensory evaluation score into a physiological irritation evaluation formula to obtain a physiological irritation score.

The invention discloses an up-regulation promoter responding to crotonaldehyde, an engineering strain containing the promoter and application of the up-regulation promoter, and belongs to the technical field of gene engineering and fermentation engineering. In order to construct a rapid, real-time and online crotonaldehyde detection method, an up-regulation promoter P3 of crotonaldehyde and a genetic engineering strain RARE (DE3) / pACYCDuet1-P3-vgfp containing the up-regulation promoter P3 responding to crotonaldehyde are obtained by screening a promoter responding to cinnamyl aldehyde, when the concentration of crotonaldehyde is 0-1.5 mM through fluorescence intensity detection, the up-regulation promoter P3 of crotonaldehyde and the genetic engineering strain RARE (DE3) / pACYCDuet1-P3-vgfp of the up-regulation promoter P3 responding to crotonaldehyde are obtained, and when the concentration of crotonaldehyde is 0-1.5 mM, the up-regulation The engineering strain RARE (DE3) / pACYCDuet1-P3-vgfp can be used as a biosensor of the crotonaldehyde, and is used for screening enzymes or strains for improving the yield of the crotonaldehyde, or detecting the crotonaldehyde in the environment, so that the engineering strain RARE (DE3) / pACYCDuet1-P3-vgfp can be used as a biosensor of the crotonaldehyde.

The invention discloses a method and system for simultaneously producing ε-caprolactone and crotonic acid. The system sequentially includes an oxidation tower, a first rectifying tower, a crystallization tower, and a second rectifying tower; an injection port and an exhaust port are provided on the outside of the oxidation tower, and a bubbler is provided inside. A mixed solution of cyclohexanone, crotonaldehyde, and a solvent is input into the oxidation tower by the injection port, and oxygen is bubbled into the reaction solution by the bubbler in the oxidation tower; the bottom of the oxidation tower is connected to the first rectifying tower, the bottom of the first rectifying tower is connected to the crystallization tower, and the bottom of the crystallization tower is connected to the bottom extraction of the second rectifying tower. The present invention achieves the purpose of simultaneously producing ε-caprolactone and crotonic acid in a low-temperature reaction, while obtaining a product through simple two rectifications and a cooling crystallization, with low reaction and separation energy consumption and low cost.

The present invention relates to a process for the production of butanol from ethanol, the process comprising the following steps: (i) reaction of aqueous ethanol to acetaldehyde in the presence of a ruthenium oxide catalyst, (ii) reaction of the acetaldehyde formed to crotonaldehyde, (iii) reaction of the crotonaldehyde formed to butanol. In each of steps (i), (ii) and (iii) an aqueous phase is present.

The invention discloses a method for deeply converting CO2 into acetaldehyde and crotonaldehyde, and belongs to the technical field of conversion of acetaldehyde and crotonaldehyde, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, taking one or a mixture of more of melamine, urea and dicyandiamide as a precursor, dissolving the precursor in an aqueous solution under a heating condition, and uniformly stirring until the precursor is completely dissolved; s2, adding one or more of deprotonation agents including triethylamine, isopropanolamine, 1-methylimidazole, n-butylamine, pyridine and tetramethylammonium hydroxide, mixing, and uniformly stirring; s3, placing in a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting under given temperature and time conditions, and cooling to room temperature; s4, carrying out centrifugal washing, drying and calcining to obtain polymeric carbon nitride with a crystal / amorphous interlaced interface; according to the method, other hydrogenation steps of the intermediate in the CO2 conversion process are inhibited, and on the basis of high yield and selectivity of acetaldehyde, C-C chain growth is further carried out to generate crotonaldehyde.

This method for producing EVOH comprises: a saponification step (I) in which an EVAc solution containing EVAc and an alcohol is supplied to the tower upper part of a tower reactor, alcohol vapor is supplied to the tower lower part and discharged from the tower upper part, the EVAc is saponified using a base catalyst, and the EVOH solution is taken out from the tower bottom; and an aldehyde reduction step (II) for obtaining an alcohol (b) by recovering the alcohol used in the saponification step (I) and reducing the aldehyde in the recovered alcohol (a) obtained, the aldehyde reduction step (II) including a step for bringing the recovered alcohol (a) into contact with an acetalation catalyst to reduce the aldehyde, and in the saponification step (I), the alcohol vapor supplied to the lower portion of the tower contains the alcohol (b), and the alcohol (b) contains crotonaldehyde. As a result, provided is a method for producing EVOH in which hue deterioration of the resulting EVOH is suppressed and environmental burden is reduced.

A method of ethanol conversion to higher carbon compounds is provided. The method includes feeding a reactant to a reactor, the reactant including ethanol. The reactant may further include water in the form of steam. The reactant is introduced to a perovskite catalyst in the reactor. The perovskite catalyst promotes the formation of the higher carbon compounds from ethanol, and may be in the form of a powder or thin film. The perovskite catalyst has the formula ABO3, wherein A is one or more selected from a group consisting of La and Sr, and wherein B is one or more selected from a group consisting of Mn, Ca, Fe, and Co. The perovskite catalyst particularly may be La0.7Sr0.3MnO3. The obtained higher carbon compounds may include at least one of acetone and crotonaldehyde.

Provided herein is a process for preparing compound A or a salt thereof, the process comprising mixing compound B or a salt thereof and crotonaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst and a solvent to form compound A. TIFF2025509217000078.tif17170

The present invention provides a catalyst for selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde and a preparation method thereof, the catalyst comprises a carrier and an active component noble metal Ir, the carrier comprises BN or gamma-Al2O3 or SiO2, and the active component noble metal Ir accounts for 0.5-10% by mass of the carrier; the preparation method of the catalyst comprises the following steps: reducing an Ir precursor through a NaBH4 reduction method to synthesize Ir nanoparticles, and loading the Ir nanoparticles on the carrier, so that the catalyst has good catalytic crotonaldehyde selective hydrogenation activity and selectivity, and has the advantages of low cost, high conversion rate and high selectivity.

The invention relates to application of a rare earth-based catalyst. The application comprises the step of carrying out hydrogenation reaction on hydrogenation raw materials in the presence of the supported catalyst Ir / CeO2 to obtain alcohol, wherein the hydrogenation raw material is selected from one or more of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-methylfurfural, m-tolualdehyde, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylpropionaldehyde, p-fluorobenzaldehyde, cinnamyl aldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, tetrahydropyran-4-ketone, tetrahydrothiapyran-4-ketone, crotonaldehyde and terephthalaldehyde; the catalyst is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: mixing a CeO2 carrier with a solution containing a metal Ir precursor, and reacting under heating and alkaline conditions to obtain a catalyst precursor; and calcining and reducing the catalyst precursor to obtain the supported catalyst Ir / CeO2. The rare earth-based catalyst is simple in preparation process, mild in condition, high in hydrogenation activity and good in stability.

The application relates to the field of crotonal production synthesis, and particularly discloses a production process of crotonal. The production process adopts calcium-based hydrotalcite solid alkali as a catalyst to make acetaldehyde generate butanol aldehyde through condensation reaction, then makes the butanol aldehyde generate crude crotonal through dehydration reaction under the action of acetic acid, and finally processes the crude crotonal through primary distillation and rectification to obtain crotonal products. The production method has the advantages of high yield and high purity of crotonal products, small corrosion to equipment, simple process steps, mild reaction conditions, reusable catalyst, low production cost and suitability for large-scale industrial production.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a sorbic acid condensation catalyst and application of the sorbic acid condensation catalyst in preparation of sorbic acid, and belongs to the technical field of chemical engineering. In the preparation process of the sorbic acid condensation catalyst zinc acetylacetonate, crotonaldehyde is adopted as a solvent, the reaction speed of acetylacetonate and zinc oxide can be greatly increased, water generated in the reaction process is not mutually soluble with crotonaldehyde, and continuous water distribution can be achieved; and the zinc acetylacetonate has high solubility in the crotonaldehyde, so that the zinc acetylacetonate in the prepared crotonaldehyde solution containing the zinc acetylacetonate has high concentration. After being diluted by adding fresh crotonaldehyde subsequently, the product can be directly used as a raw material and conveyed to a condensation section, so that the original steps of preparing a catalyst finished product and feeding a powdery catalyst are omitted, the energy consumption is greatly reduced, and the environmental protection and safety problems caused by dust and tail gas in the feeding process are solved; and the overall space and the use efficiency of the device are improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of catalytic synthesis, and discloses a catalyst for preparing crotonaldehyde through ethanol dehydrogenation and a preparation method and application thereof.The catalyst takes SiO2 as a carrier, active components comprise copper and auxiliary metal, the mass ratio of the copper is 10-25%, the auxiliary metal is one or more of chromium, cerium, lanthanum, zirconium and zinc, and the mass ratio of the auxiliary metal is 0.5-5%. The catalyst is prepared by adopting a sol-gel method, copper nitrate, a nitrate auxiliary agent and tetraethoxysilane are taken as precursors, urea is taken as a precipitator, and the catalyst is prepared through hydrothermal reaction, filtering, drying, roasting and hydrogen reduction, the preparation process of the catalyst is simple, the cost is controllable, the reaction does not need to be performed step by step, the problems of limited raw materials, multiple side reactions and the like in a traditional process are solved, and the catalyst is suitable for industrial production. The method has high activity and high selectivity, provides a new path for green and efficient synthesis of crotonaldehyde, and is suitable for industrial popularization and application.

Provided is a method capable of manufacturing high-purity 1,3-butylene glycol having a high potassium permanganate test value, a very low content of low boiling point components, and a high initial boiling point with a high recovery rate.The method for manufacturing 1,3-butylene is a method for obtaining purified 1,3-butylene glycol from a crude reaction liquid containing 1,3-butylene glycol. In a dehydration column used in a dehydration step, a liquid feed containing 1,3-butylene glycol and water with an acetaldehyde content of 1000 ppm or lower and a crotonaldehyde content of 400 ppm or lower is distilled under a condition of a reflux ratio of higher than 0.3, and a liquid concentrated with a low boiling point component containing water is distilled off from above a feed tray. In a product column used in a product distillation step, a 1,3-butylene glycol liquid feed with an acetaldehyde content of 500 ppm or lower and a crotonaldehyde content of 200 ppm or lower is distilled under a condition of a reflux ratio of higher than 0.1.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of heparin anticoagulant coatings, and in particular to a long-acting heparin anticoagulant coating and a preparation method thereof. The long-acting heparin anticoagulant coating is formed by curing the long-acting heparin anticoagulant coating, which includes component A and component B; the raw materials of component A include at least one of a monomer, an initiator, a polymer, poly-L-lysine hydrobromide, streptavidin, sodium hyaluronate, and crotonaldehyde; wherein the monomer includes at least one of MPC, PEGMA, and SBMA, and the polymer includes an amino substrate; the raw materials of component B include at least one of a reducing agent and heparin. Preparation method: the long-acting heparin anticoagulant coating is circulated in the ECMO system and cured to obtain a long-acting heparin anticoagulant coating. The long-acting heparin anticoagulant coating constructed in the present application can achieve a long-lasting and stable anticoagulant effect in the ECMO system, and can solve the defects of the prior art.

The invention relates to a method for producing butanol from ethanol, said method comprising the following steps: (i) reacting aqueous ethanol to form acetaldehyde in the presence of a ruthenium oxide catalyst, (ii) reacting the formed acetaldehyde to form a crotonaldehyde, (iii) reacting the formed crotonaldehyde to form butanol. In each of the steps (i), (ii) and (iii), an aqueous phase is present.

The invention relates to the technical field of organic synthesis, in particular to a synthesis method of high-purity clethodim, which comprises the following steps: mixing modified crotonaldehyde and modified methyl acetoacetate for condensation reaction to prepare intermediate feed liquid; introducing nitrogen into the intermediate feed liquid for protection and dehydration to prepare a dehydrated intermediate; carrying out acylation and transposition reaction on the dehydrated intermediate to prepare propionyl triketone feed liquid; mixing a propionyl triketone feed liquid with the modified chlorinated allyloxyamine, adding a stabilizer, carrying out oximation reaction in a fourth microchannel reactor, and after the reaction is finished, carrying out cooling recrystallization, filtering and drying post-treatment to obtain the high-purity clethodim. By adopting a microchannel reactor continuous flow process and combining targeted modification treatment on three raw materials, namely crotonaldehyde, methyl acetoacetate and chloro-allyloxyamine, the conversion efficiency of each step of reaction is improved, the reaction conditions are mild, the process is controllable, the product purity is relatively high, the yield is stable, and meanwhile, side reactions are reduced.

The present application relates to the field of water treatment, and discloses a strain capable of degrading crotonaldehyde, a complex bacterial population and application thereof in water treatment. The present application provides a strain of Bacillus tequilensis H21, which can simultaneously and efficiently degrade crotonaldehyde and COD in wastewater, and the strain also has very high tolerance to high-concentration crotonaldehyde production wastewater, and thus can be applied to the treatment of high-concentration and high-toxicity crotonaldehyde production wastewater, thereby reducing the load on the subsequent biochemical treatment system and improving the biochemical treatment efficiency. Further, after alkali pretreatment of high-concentration and high-toxicity crotonaldehyde wastewater, fermentation treatment is performed by using Bacillus tequilensis H21 or a complex bacterial population containing Bacillus tequilensis H21, which can further reduce the toxicity of the wastewater, thereby reducing the load on the subsequent biochemical treatment system of the wastewater after biological pretreatment and improving the biochemical treatment efficiency.

The invention discloses a supramolecular polymer fluorescence sensor. Fluorescence recognition is carried out on a tetraacethydrazide functionalized tetraphenylethylene derivative and a polymer of copper ions in a DMSO (Dimethylsulfoxide) solution. The sensor almost has no fluorescence in a solvent DMSO, and aqueous solutions of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, 3-fluorobenzaldehyde, 3-chlorobenzaldehyde, 3-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 4-fluorobenzaldehyde, p-tolualdehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, heptanal, methyl glyoxal, 80% acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are respectively added into the solution; only formaldehyde can enable fluorescence of the sensor to be turned on. Besides, the sensor test paper displays blue-violet fluorescence under a 365 nm ultraviolet lamp, when the test paper is coated with formaldehyde aqueous solutions with different concentrations (10 <-1 >-10 <-8 > M), the test paper displays the change from light blue-green to dark blue under the 365 nm ultraviolet lamp according to the concentration of formaldehyde from high to low, and the sensor test paper can be used for recognizing formaldehyde solutions. In addition, the sensor can be used for adsorption of a formaldehyde solution, and the adsorption can be analyzed by a spectrophotometric method of acetylacetone. Therefore, the supramolecular polymer and the test paper thereof can be used for fluorescence recognition and formaldehyde adsorption. The fluorescence recognition and adsorption performance has important application value in the field of molecular recognition.

The present invention provides a method for synthesizing sorbic acid, and relates to the technical field of organic compound synthesis. The method for synthesizing sorbic acid comprises the following steps: mixing crotonaldehyde, a solvent and a catalyst to obtain a condensation liquid, mixing ketene vapor with an inert gas to obtain a mixed gas; the condensation liquid flows from top to bottom through a packing layer of a condensation device, and the mixed gas passes through the packing layer of the condensation device from bottom to top, and the condensation liquid and the mixed gas undergo a condensation reaction in the packing layer of the condensation device to obtain a mixed reaction liquid containing polyester; the mixed reaction liquid containing polyester is mixed with an acid solution for acid hydrolysis to obtain sorbic acid. The present invention reduces the concentration of ketene at a local reaction site in the condensation reaction by adding an inert gas to ketene, so that the main reaction proceeds smoothly, reduces the generation of coloring substances, and can effectively avoid the problem of the product being oxidized to produce coloring substances due to the shutdown of the device and the entry of air into the condensation device during the reaction.

Provided are: a resin composition containing an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), the resin composition allowing for inhibition of neck-in and die buildup at a time of melt molding; and the like.The resin composition contains: an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (A) having an ethylene unit content of 20 mol % or more and 60 mol % or less; and crotonaldehyde (B1), wherein the resin composition further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of 2,4-hexadienal (B2) and 2,4,6-octatrienal (B3), and the following inequalities (1) and (2) are satisfied. In the inequalities (1) and (2): b1 represents a content (ppm) of crotonaldehyde (B1) with respect to the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (A); b2 represents a content (ppm) of 2,4-hexadienal (B2) with respect to the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (A); and b3 represents a content (ppm) of 2,4,6-octatrienal (B3) with respect to the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (A).2.≤b1 / (b2+b3)<150.(1)b2+2⁢b3≤0.65.(2)

The present invention relates to the technical field of catalytic synthesis of 2,4-hexadienal, specifically a kind of 2,4-hexadienal synthesis method, including: synthesizing two catalytic reagents: ethoxytriphenylphosphinosilane Si-(PPh3)3-OEt, ethoxytriphenylphosphinosilane Si-(PPh3)3-OEt; utilizing molecular imprinting technology to prepare a region-selective aldol condensation catalyst, which can be magnetically recovered and reused; the region-selective aldol condensation catalyst can selectively remove the α-H of acetaldehyde to promote the generation of enolate anion, and the enolate anion and the carbonyl carbon of crotonaldehyde undergo nucleophilic addition to generate β-hydroxy aldehyde, which is dehydrated to generate 2,4-hexadienal. The region-selective aldol condensation catalyst of the present invention has recognition and selection ability for the target product 2,4-hexadienal, can improve catalytic selectivity, and reduce reaction by-products.

The invention discloses tipping paper capable of reducing the release amount of harmful ingredients in smoke and a preparation method of the tipping paper. The tipping paper comprises modified cellulose fiber body paper, upper-layer breathable tipping paper body paper and lower-layer breathable tipping paper body paper, the modified cellulose fiber base paper is prepared by introducing a compound containing a plurality of amido groups on an alcoholic hydroxyl group on a cellulose macromonomer for modification and further doping calcium chloride and activated carbon powder; a first gluing layer is arranged between the modified cellulose fiber body paper and the lower breathable tipping paper body paper, a second gluing layer is arranged between the modified cellulose fiber body paper and the upper breathable tipping paper body paper, the modified cellulose fiber body paper is not completely covered with the first gluing layer and the second gluing layer, and the uncovered area serves as a breathable area. The tipping paper disclosed by the invention can effectively reduce the release amount of various harmful ingredients in smoke, and the reduction effect on ammonia gas, phenol and crotonaldehyde is obviously improved.