The invention discloses an acoustic logging system using acoustic waves for transmitting signals. The system is mainly composed of a detection system, a piezoelectric transducer, an oil pipe, a relay converter and an acoustic wave receiver. Signals are detected by the detection system, converted by the piezoelectric transducer, transmitted by the oil pipe, and received by the acoustic wave receiver. The system can monitor the underground working state in real time, uses the acoustic wave as a signal transmitting carrier which is small in attenuation, and is suitable for deep well operation; moreover, the propagation speed, in a steel medium, of the acoustic wave is high, and the signal transmitting efficiency can be greatly improved; the oil pipe serves as a channel to transmit the signals, and therefore cost is saved. A Helmholtz amplifier is used for amplifying the signals of the receiving end, the device is simple in structure, magnification times are large, and the resonance frequency is only related to the size parameter of the device. An optical fiber displacement sensor is used for receiving the signals, the system does not make direct contact with a detected object, transmitting loss measurement of light in optical fibers is used, and the system is high in sensitivity.