1006 results about "Loranthus" patented technology

The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating rheumatic bone diseases. The composition is prepared from the following raw materials by weight: radix stephaniae tetrandrae, angelica sinensis, loranthus parasiticus, scorpio, cortex acanthopanacis, polygonum multiflorum, myrrh, radix achyranthis bidentatae, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, homalomena occulta, rhizoma cibotii, cortex illicii, lumbricus, elecampane, rhizoma drynariae, fructus lycii, rhizoma arisaematis, polygala tenuifolia, pericarpium citri reticulatae, loose knots, pawpaw, rehmannia glutinosa, akebiaquinata, centipede, Chinese parsnip roots, eucommia ulmoides, radix angelicae, radix dipsaci, radix clematidis and the like. The composition provided by the invention has the effects of dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis and relieving swelling and pains, has a remarkable curative effect on rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis and ischialgia, and is high in cure rate, safe and convenient and free from toxic and side effects. The situation that in the prior art, the medicine for treating rheumatic bone diseases such as rheumatism and arthritis is great in dosage, long in course of treatment and low in cure rate is changed.

The invention relates to an orally taken traditional Chinese medicine capsule special for treating neck, waist and leg pains caused by various causes, which comprises the following formulation by weight (in terms of preparing 1,000 granules of orally taken capsules as standard): 9 to 90 grams of wild celery, 9 to 90 grams of radix gentianae macrophyllae, 9 to 90 grams of parsnip, 3 to 30 grams of wild ginger, 12 to 120 grams of loranthus parasiticus, 9 to 90 grams of angelica, 9 to 90 grams of white paeony root, 8 to 80 grams of Szechuan lovage rhizome, 9 to 90 grams of prepared rhizome of rehmannia, 10 to 100 grams of eucommia bark, 10 to 100 grams of achyranthis root, 9 to 90 grams of desertliving cistanche, 12 to 120 grams of teasel root, 5 to 50 grams of cinnamon core, 12 to 120 grams of radix codonopsitis, 12 to 120 grams of hoantchy root, 6 to 60 grams of rhizoma gastrodiae, 12 to 120 grams of Chinese wolfberry, 10 to 100 grams of kudzuvine root, 10 to 100 grams of akebia stem, 10 to 100 grams of Atractylis ovata, 10 to 100 grams of clematis root, 6 to 60 grams of safflower, 6 to 60 grams of cortex moutan, 6 to 60 grams of libanotus, 6 to 60 grams of myrrh, 10 to 100 grams of papaya, 12 to 120 grams of rhizoma drynariae, 12 to 120 grams of caulis milletiae, 10 to 100 grams of notoginseng, 10 to 100 grams of ophidian, 9 to 90 grams of scorpion, 2 to 15 chilopod, 10 to 100 grams of daemonorops draco, 12 to 120 grams of eupolyphaga, and 0 to 30 grams of radix glycyrrhizae preparata; and the quality of the 36 gouts of traditional Chinese medicine accords with prescription of Chinese pharmacopoeia, and the components are prepared into powder according to a preparation method for the traditional Chinese medicine, and canned into capsules.

The invention provides kudzu vine root fat-reducing sugar-reducing health-care tea. The kudzu vine root fat-reducing sugar-reducing health-care tea comprises the following raw materials in part by weight: 50 parts of kudzu vine root, 10 to 20 parts of angelica root, 10 to 20 parts of Chinese angelica, 10 to 20 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 10 to 20 parts of rhizoma alismatis, 10 to 20 parts of purple perilla, 10 to 20 parts of gynostemma pentaphylla, 10 to 20 parts of the root of red-rooted salvia, 10 to 20 parts of lotus leaf, 10 to 20 parts of parasitic loranthus, 10 to 20 parts of tartary buckwheat, 10 to 20 parts of astragalus membranaceus, 10 to 20 parts of semen coicis, 10 to 20 parts of radix polygonati officinalis, 10 to 20 parts of scutellaria baicalensis, 10 to 20 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 10 to 20 parts of lLigusticum wallichii, 10 to 20 parts of bighead atractylodes rhizome, 10 to 20 parts of hawthorn, 10 to 20 parts of pericarpium citri reticulatae and 10 to 20 parts of radices trichosanthis. The health-care tea can achieve the effects of reducing fat and reducing sugar well, is simple in process, quick in response and suitable for long-time use, and can improve microcirculation and improve the immunity.

The invention discloses a Chinese medicine composition for treating knee osteoarthritis. The Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the following active medicine materials: angelica sinensis, loranthus parasiticus, ligusticum chuanxiong, notopterygium root, radix angelicae pubescentis, gentiana macrophylla, cassia twig, frankincense, elecampane, ramulus mori, agrimonia pilosa, eucommia ulmoides, prepared rehmannia root, corydalis tuber, syringa tibetica, millettia dielsiana, the root of bidentate achyranthes, rhizoma sparganii, curcuma zedoaria, monkshood, rhizoma curculiginis, morinda officinalis, seed of gymnocladus chinensis baill, the root of red-rooted salvia, carthamus tinctorius, rheum officinale, pseudo-ginseng, caesalpinia sappan, pyrola, sambucuspwilliamsiip, Chinese starjasmine stem and kadsura pepper stem. The Chinese medicine composition for treating knee osteoarthritis mainly aims at tonifying kidney, strengthening bone, activating meridians to stop pain, activating blood to disperse stasis, dispelling the wind and coldness, and is a novel medicine which is simple and convenient in preparation process, small in toxic and side effect, convenient to administrate, easy to manufacture and low in cost.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis and relieving swelling and pain. The composition is prepared from the following 26 traditional Chinese medicines: pseudo-ginseng, angelica sinensis, parasitic loranthus, notopterygium root, radices sileris, bombyx batryticatus, caulis spatholobi, asarum, monkshood, radix achyranthis bidentatae, frankincense, myrrh, salviae miltiorrhizae, hematoxylon, ardisia quinquegona, dotted ardisia, leech, cudrania cochinchinensis, radix zanthoxyli, geranium wilfordii, herba lycopi, curcuma zedoary, fructus aurantii, daemonorops draco, nux vomica and borneol. The traditional Chinese medicine composition disclosed by the invention is capable of effectively relieving swelling and pain caused by bumps, bruises, blood stasis and joint function disturbance, and is convenient to use, fast in acting and significant in curative effect.

The invention discloses a medicine for treating lumbar disc herniation and a preparation method thereof. The medicine is prepared by radix angelicae pubescentis, loranthus parasiticus, radix angelicae, ligusticum wallichii, notopterygium roots, caulis piperis futokadsurae, sargentg loryvine, ramulus mori, radix clematidis, pseudo-ginseng, astragalus mongholicus, angelica sinensis, radix paeoniae alba, caulis spatholobi, aalty cortex eucommiae, medicinal cyathula roots, teasel roots, drynaria rhizome, rhizoma cibotii, herba epimedii, golden cypress and pachyrhizua angulatus which are evenly mixed. After being crushed, the mixture is evenly mixed with frankincense and myrrh with the formula amount, and 70%-95% (V/V) ethanol is utilized to perform heating, reflux and extraction for two to three times. Each extraction lasts for one to three hours, filtrate is filtered and merged, the ethanol is recovered, the filtrate is concentrated to thick paste with relative density ranging from 1.05 to 1.35 under 60 DEG C, menthol crystal and borneol are added into the thick paste, and the thick paste is evenly stirred and then prepared into various different preparations. The medicine for treating lumbar disc herniation adopts more than twenty raw material medicines for matching and jointly increasing effects of nourishing liver, tonifying kidneys, removing coldness and damp, promoting qi, activating blood circulation and clearing and activating channels and collaterals, has good curative effects on a lumbar disc herniation disease, and has no side effects. The recurrence rate is extremely low.

The invention relates to a Chinese medicinal composition for treating osteoarthritis and a preparation method thereof. The composition consists of the following components in parts by weight: 10 to 30 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis, 10 to 30 parts of eucommia bark, 10 to 30 parts of parasitic loranthus, 10 to 30 parts of medicinal cyathula root, 3 to 6 parts of asarum, 10 to 30 parts of large-leaved gentian, 10 to 30 parts of prepared rehmannia, 10 to 50 parts of poria, 10 to 30 parts of cinnamon, 10 to 30 parts of divaricate saposhnikovia root, 10 to 30 parts of hemlock parsley, 10 to 50 parts of codonopsis pilosula, 10 to 30 parts of liquorice, 10 to 50 parts of Chinese angelica, 10 to 30 parts of red peony root, 10 to 20 parts of myrrh, 10 to 30 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 10 to 15 parts of golden cypress. The Chinese medicinal composition for treating osteoarthritis is simple in prescription, has the functions of eliminating dampness and relieving pain, activating blood and removing stasis, and tonifying liver and kidney, can effectively reduce bony pain, can recover joint motion function, and does not have side effect.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine capsule with a function of reducing blood pressure and a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine capsule. The traditional Chinese medicine capsule comprises raw materials in parts by weight as follows: 10-15 parts of eucommia ulmoides, 5-10 parts of wild chrysanthemums, 10-15 parts of cape jasmine fruits, 15-20 parts of semen cassia, 12-16 parts of radix scutellariae, 10-15 parts of radix scrophulariae, 8-12 parts of peony root barks, 14-18 parts of persimmon leaves, 15-20 parts of kudzu vine roots, 10-15 parts of angelica sinensis, 5-10 parts of prunella vulgaris, 7-11 parts of astragalus membranaceus, 4-8 parts of sunflower leaves, 10-15 parts of lucid ganoderma, 9-13 parts of pseudo-ginseng, 12-16 parts of Chinese hawthorn leaves, 10-15 parts of Chinese thorowax roots, 5-10 parts of bunge cherry seeds, 14-18 parts of folium apocyni veneti, 5-10 parts of loranthus parasiticus, 3-7 parts of malabar spinach, 5-10 parts of corn stigma, 12-16 parts of platycodon grandiflorus, 10-15 parts of lysimachia davurica ledeb, 5-10 parts of burdock roots and 10-15 parts of centella. According to the traditional Chinese medicine capsule, all medicines are matched and collaboratively complemented, the efficacy is definite, the pressure reducing effect is good, the high blood pressure symptom is relieved, the immunity of the organism is improved, the efficacy for preventing high blood pressure is remarkable, the efficacy is fast, no side effect is caused, the cost is low, and the capsule is safe and economic.

The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating hypertension. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the traditional Chinese medicine materials in parts by weight: 5-20 parts of chrysanthemum, 10-30 parts of uncaria rhynchophylla, 10-30 parts of concha haliotidis, 10-40 parts of spica prunellae, 5-25 parts of rhizoma alismatis, 5-25 parts of poria, 5-20 parts of radix cyathulae, 10-40 parts of root of red-rooted salvia, 5-25 parts of eucommia ulmoides, 10-30 parts of parasitic loranthus, 5-25 parts of scutellaria baicalensis, 10-30 parts of jujube kernel, 5-20 parts of polygala tenuifolia, 5-25 parts of schisandra chinensis, 10-40 parts of caulis polygoni multiflori, 10-30 parts of lilium brownie, 5-25 parts of ligusticum wallichii, 10-30 parts of concha margaritiferallsta, 10-30 parts of fleece-flower root and 5-15 parts of liquorice. The traditional Chinese medicine composition disclosed by the invention has the effects of clearing away heat and dehumidifying, calming liver wind, tonifying liver and kidney, dispelling pathogenic wind and eliminating phlegm, and activating blood circulation to remove blood stasis, and is significant in treatment effect on the hypertension and reliable in effect.

The invention discloses a hypotensive medicine-filled pillow, which relates to a medicine-filled pillow for treating hypertension. The hypotensive medicine-filled pillow is characterized in that a pillow is filled with a Chinese medicament prepared by crushing and mixing, wherein the Chinese medicament comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 2.0 to 2.5 percent of loranthus parasiticus, 2.0 to 2.5 percent of radix salviae miltiorrhizae, 3.0 to 3.5 percent of Hangzhou chrysanthemum, 1.0 to 1.5 percent of cassia seed, 1.0 to 1.5 percent of broadleaf holly leaf, 2.0 to 2.5 percent of motherwort, 2.0 to 2.5 percent of magnet, 2.0 to 2.5 percent of apocynum, 2.0 to 2.5 percent of selfheal, 1.0 to 1.5 percent of uncaria, 0.5 to 0.8 percent of rhizoma ligustici wallichii, 1.0 to 1.5 percent of radix scutellariae, and 0.5 to 0.8 percent of chaff flower root, wherein the total weight of each medicine-filled pillow is 1.5 to 1.8 kilograms, and the medicaments are crushed into granules with the diameter of less than 0.5 centimeter and are filled into a ventilating cotton cloth bag. The medicine-filled pillow has the hypotensive effective rate reaching 98 percent, and can relieve a plurality of accompanied symptoms caused by the hypertension.

The invention belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicine application, and in particular discloses an external plaster for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and a preparation method thereof. The external plaster consists of the following active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines: Chinese angelica, red flower, szechwan lovage rhizome, dipsacus, drynaria rhizome, parasitic loranthus, dahurian angelica root, notopterygium root, cassia twig, pawpaw, the root of bidentate achyranthes, dragon's blood, prepared frankincense, prepared myrrh, musk and borneolum according to a certain weight part ratio. The external plaster is easy to prepare, has good absorption effect, obvious curative effect, no side effect and high safety, and contributes to timely alleviating or eliminating symptoms of a patient.

The invention discloses selenium-enriched health-care vinegar, and relates to vinegar. The selenium-enriched health-care vinegar is prepared from a food raw material and Chinese herbal medicine raw materials in a secondary fermentation manner, wherein the food raw material is bran or corn; the Chinese herbal medicine raw materials comprise the following Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients: codonopsis pilosula, bighead atractylodes rhizome, dried radix rehmanniae, radix rehmanniae preparata, tuckahoe, rhizoma alismatis, radix paeoniae alba, smoked plum, hawthorn, radix scutellariae, clove, pericarpium citri reticulatae, coptis chinensis, golden cypress, rheum officinale, schizonepeta, mint, purslane, purple perilla, agastache rugosus, radices sileris, notopterygium root, radix angelicae pubescentis, pawpaw, rhizoma atractylodis, aniseed, anise, kaempferiae, patchouli, radix angelicae, intermediary magnoliavine herb, eucommia ulmoides, radix achyranthis bidentatae, angelica sinensis, ligusticum wallichii, root of three-nerved spicebush, rhizoma cyperi, astragalus membranaceus, platycodon grandiflorum, trichosanthes kirilowii maxim, pinellia ternate, mushroom, seed of Job's tears, dwarf polycarpa, parasitic loranthus, root of red-rooted salvia, radix scrophulariae and liquorice. Compared with the prior art, the selenium-enriched health-care vinegar disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the functions of seasoning, nutrition, epidemic prevention and health protection of the original brewed vinegar are fully utilized, and nutrient substances and trace element materials with important health protection and epidemic prevention effects on a human body are sought to be blended.

The invention discloses a Chinese herbal medicine composition that enriches yin, nourishes kidney, promotes qi, activates blood circulation, relaxes tendons and activates collaterals. The active ingredients in the invention are extracted from prepared rhizome of rehmanniae, cornus officinalis, loranthus parasiticus, Chinese yam, Oriental Waterplantain Rhizome, olibanum, myrrh, cortex moutan, notopterygium, Scorpion, honeysuckle stem, poria cocos, schisandra, clematis root, cortex moutan and peach kernel. The special medical active components in the invention has the functions of enriching yin, nourishing kidney, promoting qi, activating blood circulation, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals.

The invention provides a medicine for treating acute gouty arthritis. The medicine for treating acute gouty arthritis is prepared from the following indigenous medicinal materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of honeysuckle, 20 parts of sargent gloryvine, 12 parts of edible tulip, 20 parts of radix clematidis, 20 parts of coix seed, 20 parts of medicinal cyathula root, 30 parts of christina loosestrife herb, 20 parts of yam rhizome, 30 parts of rhizoma smilacis glabrae, 20 parts of ash bark, 20 parts of grifola, 20 parts of caulis sinomenii, 15 parts of the root of fangji, 20 parts of rhizoma alismatis, 10 parts of mountain spicy tree fruit, 9 parts of rhizoma pinelliae preparata, 20 parts of plantain herb, 9 parts of safflower, 9 parts of costustoot, 10 parts of semen cassiae, 6 parts of long pepper, 15 parts of semen plantaginis, 10 parts of golden cypress, 12 parts of rhizoma corydalis, 12 parts of red peony root, 12 parts of polygonum cuspidatum, 15 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 10 parts of radix clematidis, 12 parts of parasitic loranthus, 6 parts of rheum officinale, 12 parts of the root bark of the peony tree, 12 parts of pubescent angelica root and 6 parts of liquorice. Clinical verification shows that the medicine for treating acute gouty arthritis has an obvious curative effect.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating lumbago which is characterized by comprising the following traditional Chinese medicines in parts by weight: 6-15 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis, 10-15 parts of parasitic loranthus, 8-15 parts of achyranthes, 8-15 parts of eucommia ulmoides, 8-15 parts of dipsacus asperoids, 8-15 parts of East Asian tree fern rhizome, 10-15 parts of red flower, 8-15 parts of olibanum, 10-20 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 8-20 parts of gentiana macrophylla, 10-20 parts of semen arecae, 10-15 parts of papaya, 12-20 parts of coix seed and 3-8 parts of prepared kusnezoff monkshood root. According to a large quantity of clinical verification, the composition disclosed by the invention has no toxic or side effect, is safe and effective and has obvious curative effects by reasonable application.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating hyperuricemia. The traditional Chinese medicine composition comprises the following components by weight: 5-15g of cortex phellodendri, 5-15g of rhizoma atractylodis, 8-30g of coix seeds, 10-20g of radix achyranthis bidentatae, 10-20g of pawpaw, 25-35g of rhizoma smilacis glabrae, 8-17g of paniculate swallowwort root, 8-30g of fish poison yam, 25-35g of puerarin, 10-20g of plantain herb, 25-35g of loranthus parasiticus, 10-20g of white paeony root and 2-10g of liquorice. The composition is prepared into tablets, disperse tablets, capsules, soft capsules, granules, pills, powder, dripping pills, gel and oral liquid preparations; the composition is applied to preparation of medicines for treating hyperuricemia. Through experiments and clinical applications, the traditional Chinese medicine composition has an excellent curative effect, and is a traditional Chinese medicine mixture capable of promoting urate excretion, reducing swelling, relieving pan, regulating qi and blood and treating both symptoms and root causes.

A flavoring of tomato and pig bone and a preparation method thereof are provided. The flavoring of tomato and pig bone includes following raw materials, by weight, 200 to 210 parts of pigskin, 20 to 22 parts of pig bone, 3 to 4 parts of curry, 18 to 19 parts of tomato, 1 to 2 parts of fructus psoraleae, 2 to 3 parts of morinda officinalis, 1 to 2 parts of pilose antler, 3 to 4 parts of myrrh, 2 to 3 parts of loranthus parasiticus, 2 to 2.5 parts of papain, 4 to 4.2 parts of glycine, 4 to 4.2 parts of monosodium glutamate, 10 to 11 parts of glucose, 2 to 2.1 parts of xylose, 2 to 2.1 parts of lard, 0.2 to 0.3 part of vitamin C, 0.4 to 0.5 part of capsanthin, and 60 to 65 parts of maltodextrin. The flavoring of tomato and pig bone uses the pigskin as raw material, which can reduce the overstocking of the pigskin and improve the profitability of the pigskin, and the pork flavoring produced by enzymolysis and thermal reaction of the pigskin has low cost, low fat content, short production period and rich flavor. Moreover, the flavoring of tomato and pig bone can reinforce bone.

The invention provides a fingerprint constructing method of total flavonoid components and total alkaloids components in loranthus parasiticus-kudzuvine root preparation and a quality detecting method of the loranthus parasiticus-kudzuvine root preparation. The fingerprint constructing method comprises the steps as follows: a) preparing loranthus parasiticus-kudzuvine root preparation solution; b) constructing a fingerprint of total flavonoid components; and c) constructing a fingerprint of total alkaloids components. With the adoption of the constructing method provided by the invention, the fingerprints of the total flavonoid components and total alkaloids components can be obtained and are used for controlling the quality of the loranthus parasiticus-kudzuvine root preparation. With the adoption of the constructing method and the detecting method, the standard in quality control of the loranthus parasiticus-kudzuvine root preparation is improved, the content conditions of the total flavonoid components and the total alkaloids components are relatively comprehensively shown, and moreover, the advantages of being high in stability and high in repeatability are realized.

The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating acute lumbar sprain, which comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-40 parts of hoantchy root, 10-30 parts of angelica, 10-40 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 10-40 parts of szechuan lovage rhizome, 5-20 parts of peach kernel, 5-20 parts of safflower, 5-20 parts of radix cyathulae, 5-20 parts of eupolyphaga, 5-20 parts of frankincense, 5-20 parts of myrrh, 10-30 parts of anomalous wormwood, 5-25 parts of rhizoma drynariae, 5-20 parts of radix morindae, 10-40 parts of epimedium, 5-25 parts of eucommia bark, 5-25 parts of radix dipsaci, 10-40 parts of loranthus parasiticus, 10-30 parts of rhizoma corydalis, 5-20 parts of joe-pye weed, 2-6 parts of dragon's blood and 5-15 parts of liquorice. The traditional Chinese medicine composition provided by the invention achieves the efficacies of activating blood circulation, expelling bruises, promoting the circulation of qi, relieving pain, relaxing tendons, activating collaterals and nourishing liver and kidney, has a remarkable curative effect and a reliable action on treatment of acute lumbar sprain. The medicinal herbs resources of the components of the traditional Chinese medicine composition are abundant, the preparation is simple and convenient, the medicine property is mild and toxic and side effects are avoided.

The invention discloses an anti-osteoarthritis Chinese medicament compound and use thereof. The Chinese medicament compound is prepared by the following raw materials in percentage by weight: parasitic loranthus 15-25, radix achyranthis bidentatae 8-16, teasel 15-25, obscured homalomena rhizome 8-16, rhizoma drynariae 5-12, pine nodular branch 8-16, ground beeltle 5-12 and caulis spatholobi 8-16. The anti-osteoarthritis Chinese medicament compound provided by the invention is characterized in that: the raw materials are selected and blended to form a formula based on theories of Chinese medicaments and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis patents; and the ratio of the components are scientific and reasonable. Clinic observation and research show that the Chinese medicament compound provided by the invention has the effects of normally reinforcing the liver and kidney, expelling numbness and eliminating stagnation, can prevent and treat osteoarthritis and causes no untoward effect after being used for a long term.

The invention belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine and particularly relates to a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. The traditional Chinese medicine preparation is based on traditional Chinese medicine theories and the modern scientific extraction technology and uses the treatment principles of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, tonifying the kidney and the liver, dispelling wind and eliminating dampness and diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. According to the technical scheme, the traditional Chinese medicine preparation is prepared by the effective component extract of traditional Chinese medicine raw materials comprising rhizoma chuanxiong, radix astragali, angelica sinensis, eucommia ulmoides, radix paeoniae alba, radix dipsaci, radix cyathulae, caulis spatholobi, myrrh, olibanum, carthamus tinctorious, rhizoma corydalis, radix clematidis, radix angelicae pubescentis, loranthus parasiticus, ramulus cinnamomi, poria cocos and radix glycyrrhizae. Clinical test results show that the traditional Chinese medicine preparation is evident in curative effect on the lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion, high in cure rate, less prone to relapse and capable of treating both the symptoms and root causes.