The invention relates to resident travel OD matrix calibration method by use of mobile phone signaling big data and dynamic traffic distribution. The method comprises the following major steps: a city road simulation network model is constructed, simulation parameters of each road in a constructed city road network are calibrated by use of microwave and bayonet data, a real traffic flow in an actual road network is obtained by use of a microwave detector, a traffic flow of an initial OD matrix is obtained by use of mobile phone signaling data, through a dynamic traffic distribution method, an initial traffic flow is dynamically adjusted so as to be enabled to be close to the real traffic flow in the road network, an error between a simulation estimation traffic flow and the real traffic flow is calculated, if the error satisfies a threshold, calibration ends, and otherwise, dynamic distribution based on simulation is continuously carried out until the calibration ends. According to the invention, a dynamic OD matrix of resident travel is calibrated by use of the mobile phone signaling big data, and the method has the advantages of stable and objective data information sources, large sample size, wide coverage scope, high data precision, high dynamic performance and the like.