127 results about "Penetrating oil" patented technology

The invention provides a simulation experimental analog method for low permeability oilfield planar five-spot well pattern carbon dioxide flooding, which comprises the following steps: I. choosing a core and drilling five blind holes corresponding to five through holes (12) in a planar five-spot well pattern simulation holder (10) in the surface of the core; II. placing the core into the planar five-spot well pattern simulation holder (10); III. injecting water and raw oil into the planar five-spot well pattern simulation holder (10) in sequence, and establishing the irreducible water saturation; IV. injecting carbon dioxide into the planar five-spot well pattern simulation holder (10) by using a gas injecting device (31), and collecting and measuring experimental parameters through produced fluid collection and calibration equipment (21). The method can be used for simulating the displacement performance of a one-injection and four-production five-spot well pattern, and simulating the interwell fluid channeling with cracks so as to avoid the phenomenon of the overlarge starting pressure gradient of one-way flow, so that simulation is more proximate to a real situation.

A elongated plunger assembly for pressurized, conduit-enclosed travel utilized in recovery of hydrocarbon deposits in a ground penetrating oil or gas well. The plunger comprises an elongated mandrel, a plurality of radially movable curvilinear wear pads circumferentially disposed adjacent each end of the elongated mandrel, a pad-edge retaining housing extending on at least one end of the elongated mandrel to enclosably retain the longitudinally distal end of a circumferential array of wear pads onto the mandrel, and a centrally disposed wear pad securement ring arrangement to permit release of a worn wear pad, replacement of the worn wear pad at an inner longitudinal edge thereof, thus to permit simple field-accessable removal and replacement of any particular “conduit-worn”“wear” pad from the mandrel of the plunger.

The invention provides a visualized plane sand packing model for oil displacement experiments. The visualized plane sand packing model comprises a bottom plate and a surface plate, wherein the surface plate is arranged at the top end of the bottom plate, a square groove for containing a packing matter is formed in the center of the bottom plate, a first thread hole and a second thread hole are clockwise formed in the side edges of the square groove, a third thread hole and a fourth thread hole are clockwise formed in the opposite edges of the side edges of the square groove, a first two-way joint is externally connected with the first thread hole, a second two-way joint is externally connected with the second thread hole, a third two-way joint is externally connected with the third thread hole, a fourth two-way joint is externally connected with the fourth thread hole, and water flow passages are respectively arranged in the inner ends of the first thread hole, the second thread hole, the third thread hole and the fourth thread hole, are communicated with the first thread hole, the second thread hole, the third thread hole and the fourth thread hole, and extend to the bottom plate of the square groove. The visualized plane sand packing model has the advantages that the visualizing degree is high, the sealing property of the surface plate and the packing sand is good, the model with small leakage rate can be filled to simulate the low-osmosis oil storage environment, the high pressure-resistant property is realized, and the visualized plane sand packing model can be conveniently connected with indoor physical simulation injection and production equipment.

The invention relates to a low permeable oil deposit virtual horizontal well development method, comprising the following process technologies: deploying a developed well pattern, early flooding under nearly high pressure condition, optimizing a perforation well section and a perforation way, designing and deploying the development technology and producing a long slot by ultra large scale fracturing. When the developed well pattern is deployed, the well pattern is designed and deployed in a region with the thickness of an oil layer being higher than a 4m line, the well pattern is a five-spot square one with the distance between an oil well row and a water well row being 490-520m and the distance between an injection well row and an extraction well row being 170-200m, wherein the directionof the oil well row and the water well row is consistent with the direction of the main geostatic stress; the early flooding is carried out under the nearly high pressure condition that the strata pressure coefficient is kept to be 0.9-1.0; at the middle part of the oil layer is perforated for only 2-4 meters, and the perforating is carried out by adopting a multiphase optimized perforation way; the development technology is designed and oil-water wells and capacities of the oil-water wells are deployed in a block; and the slot is produced by adopting the ultra large scale fracturing while monitoring is carried out, wherein average length of half slot is 190-250m, and high delivery volume construction at the speed of high quality fracturing fluid being 5-6m<3> / min is adopted in the whole course. The invention is applied to a low permeable oil deposit development process.

The invention provides a method for predicting a reservoir reform volume after vertical well volume fracturing of a low-permeability oil / gas reservoir. The method sequentially includes the following steps: (1) calculating an induced stress produced by a hydraulic fracture in a three-dimensional space; (2) calculating a stratum pore pressure obtained after leak-off of fracturing fluid; (3) calculating a stratum pore elastic stress obtained after the leak-off of the fracturing fluid; (4) overlapping the stress fields obtained in the step (1), (2) and (3) with an original crustal stress field to obtain a new crustal stress field, and calculating the magnitude and direction of the overlapped three-direction effective principal stress in the reservoir space; (5) calculating an open fracturing determination coefficient M of a natural fracture in the reservoir space and a shear fracturing area determination coefficient S of the natural fracture.

The invention discloses a dication asphalt emulsifier. The molecular structure of the dication asphalt emulsifier is shown in the description, wherein when x is equal to 1, y is equal to 1 and i is equal to 0; when x is equal to 2, y is equal to 0, z is equal to 1 or 0, and i plus z is equal to 1. The dication asphalt emulsifier is prepared from the following raw material in molar ratio: 1 mol of N-Hydrogenated tallow-1, 3-diaminopropane, 6.00-13.00 mol of alcohols solvent, 1.02-3.05 mol of methyl acrylate, and 2.02-2.10 mol of sodium chloroacetate. The alcohols solvent adopts ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. The synthetic raw material of the dication asphalt emulsifier is easy to get, the production cost is low, the technology is simple, and high-temperature reaction is not required. Different types of asphalt can be emulsified, the prepared asphalt emulsifier is exquisite and uniform, the storage stability is good, dication emulsified asphalt can be prepared, and the dication asphalt emulsifier is applied to spreading of road penetrated oil layers or bonding oil as well as slurry surfacing and micro-surfacing parts, and has the characteristics of a medium breaking asphalt emulsifier and a slow breaking asphalt emulsifier.

The present subject matter discloses a reservoir protecting agent composition, consisting of non-fluorescent sulfonated asphalt and a reservoir protecting agent, wherein, the reservoir protecting agent is composed of structural units denoted by the following formula (1), (2), and (3). The present subject matter further provides a drilling fluid that contains the above-mentioned reservoir protecting agent composition for middle permeability reservoirs. The present subject matter further provides an application of the drilling fluid for middle permeability reservoirs in well drilling in middle permeability reservoirs. The drilling fluid for middle permeability reservoirs disclosed in the present subject matter exhibits favorable rheology property, temperature tolerance property, and anti-collapse and protection performance when it is used in wall drilling in middle permeability reservoirs.

The invention relates to a composite alternative acid dissolving method of a hyposmosis oil layer. The composite alternative acid dissolving method of the hyposmosis oil layer comprises the following steps of: selecting an acidifying modified storage layer section; carrying out storage layer microanalysis on the acidifying modified storage layer section; carrying out corrosion inhibition acid diving supply on the acidifying modified storage layer section; and carrying out main body acid karst chambering on the acidifying modified storage layer section. According to the composite alternative acid dissolving method of the hyposmosis oil layer, the problem that the success rate of the conventional acidifying method is low is solved and the composite alternative acid dissolving method has the advantages of effectively evaluating a hyposmosis storage layer and improving a hyposmosis oil layer oil production capability.

The invention discloses a method for preparing penetrated emulsified asphalt. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) preparing aqueous solution by using an asphalt emulsifier and a stabilizer; (2) heating and melting asphalt and / or residual oil, and mixing the melt and a diluent; (3) adding cationic styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex to increase the adhesiveness of residues; and (4) emulsifying partial materials in the steps (1), (2) and (3) through a colloid mill with a larger mill clearance, filling obtained products into a finished product tank, turning down the mill clearance of the colloid mill, emulsifying the remaining part of the materials through the colloid mill, filling obtain products into the finished product tank, and uniformly mixing the obtained products and the previous products to obtain a final finished product. By the method, an emulsifying machine meets requirements on different mill clearances, equipment cost is saved compared with that of two colloidmills; and the permeability of the prepared high-permeable penetrated emulsified asphalt is improved, and the indexes such as ductility, sticky toughness and the like are improved at the same time. The penetrated emulsified asphalt can be used in the fields of penetrated oil, cold regeneration of asphalt pavements, slurry sealing and the like.

The invention discloses a method for preparing an amphoteric betaine asphalt emulsifier. The method comprises the following steps: by adopting coconut oil acyl propyl dimethyl tertiary amine as a raw material, reacting with epoxy chloropropane to obtain an intermediate in an alcohols solvent; and continuing to react with a dimethylamine aqueous solution and sodium chloroacetate, so as to obtain the amphoteric betaine asphalt emulsifier. The asphalt emulsifier is easily available in synthetic raw material, low in production cost, simple in process, and free of high-temperature reaction. The prepared emulsified asphalt is even, fine and smooth, good in storage stability, and applicable to spreading of penetrated oil or a tack coat for a high-way, and has the characteristics of a medium breaking asphalt emulsifier; each performance of the prepared emulsified asphalt can meet the standard of cationic emulsified asphalt formulated by the China's Ministry of transportation.

The invention belongs to the field of urban road construction and particularly relates to an asphalt pavement paving no-cutting construction method; the method is characterized by comprising the steps of measuring and setting out; constructing inner edge concrete side forms for curbs; cleaning the concrete side forms; spraying penetrating oil and bonding oil; spreading and measuring asphalt, making division lines for a paving machine, and nailing rectangular timber with steel nails; paving an asphalt surface layer; rolling; recycling the rectangular timber and opening for traffic. The method has the advantages that urban asphalt road construction is carried out by using side form limitation during construction, the construction is simple and quick, the paving range is determined before paving, asphalt paving edge compactness is improved, edge construction quality is guaranteed, off-edge paving or not-close-to-edge paving is avoided, asphalt mixture is effectively saved, the later step of cutting asphalt edges is omitted, the waste of asphalt mixture is decreased, and the influence of asphalt waste upon surroundings and the like is relieved , and good economic and social benefits are created.

A gun oil composition adapted specifically for the needs and requirements of modern firearms. The gun oil composition improves lubricity and gun performance under normal and extreme heat and pressure, minimizes and largely prevents the build-up of carbon and debris fouling on metal and non-metal components of the firearm, and substantially reduces cleaning time, while providing increased protection against environmental components such as dust, dirt and rust. The gun oil composition can include a high viscosity base oil, a medium viscosity oil with detergent additive, and a low viscosity penetrating oil.

A gun oil composition adapted specifically for the needs and requirements of modern firearms. The gun oil composition improves lubricity and gun performance under normal and extreme heat and pressure, minimizes and largely prevents the build-up of carbon and debris fouling on metal and non-metal components of the firearm, and substantially reduces cleaning time, while providing increased protection against environmental components such as dust, dirt and rust. The gun oil composition can include a base oil having at least a high viscosity index, an oil having at least a medium viscosity index with a detergent additive, a low viscosity penetrating oil, and a sulfurized ester.

The invention relates to a static sounding penetrating device with a sleeve function. The static sounding penetrating device comprises a main frame body; a base is arranged at the lower part in the main frame body; penetrating oil cylinders are separately mounted on the two sides of the base; the sleeve is arranged in the middle of the base in a penetrating manner; a probe rod is inserted into the sleeve; and the lower end of the probe rod is connected with the upper end of an static sounding probe. The static sounding penetrating device with the sleeve function has the beneficial effects that: stratum friction force at certain depth on a probe rod chain is nearly reduced to be zero due to action of the sleeve, and greater penetrating depth can be realized under the same penetrating force; and meanwhile, by virtue of the action of the sleeve, radial constraint is provided for the probe rod, so that bending, generated by deflection, of the probe rod is reduced to the greatest extent, break-off of the probe rod is prevented, and a success rate of deep-layer static sounding is guaranteed to the greatest extent.

The invention relates to a method for increasing the yield and the injection of a low-permeability oil field, comprising the following steps of: (1) determining the jet parameters of a horizontal hole; (2) carrying out the jetting of the horizontal hole; (3) carrying out the jetting of the horizontal hole as follows: dividing fractured intervals; selecting a fracturing fluid; determining the half length of a fissure; and selecting a fracturing string. The method combines the horizontal hole with fracture for application, shortens the displacement distance for a first time to play a well pattern regulating role by sufficiently utilizing the advantage that a water-power deep penetration technology is not limited by ground stress, the jet aperture is larger and the jet distance is long, then carries out oil-water well corresponding fracture by utilizing jet holes, forms meshed cracks which mutually communicate by combining with the direction of the ground stress, shortens the displacement distance for a second time to be within a limited well spacing and enlarges the seepage area, thereby fundamentally solving the problem that a yield and injection increase measure of the low-permeability oil field is limited and having great significance on the high-efficiency development of low-permeability oil field.

The invention provides a method for describing low-permeability oil reservoir fluid channeling passages rapidly and quantitatively. The method comprises the following steps: 1, determining the quantitative description range of different types of oil reservoir fluid channeling passages of the low-permeability oil reservoir; 2, counting the permeability of the same type of oil reservoir fluid channeling passage and the changing curve of the thickness, the pore throat radius and the pore volume of the fluid channeling passage; 3, calculating a single-well A type water-driving characteristic curveof a production well and seeking the production well with an upwarped straight section in the water-driving characteristic curve; and 4, taking a water injection well as a center and marking off fluid channeling passages which are developed along different directions along different directions of a development well network. Four parameters, such as the permeability, the pore volume, the pore throat radius and the fluid channeling passage thickness, of the low-permeability oil reservoir fluid channeling passages can be calculated rapidly through low-permeability oil reservoir production dynamic data, so that quantitative identification and quantitative description of the low-permeability oil reservoir fluid channeling passages are realized.

The invention discloses a fracturing design method and device for a low-permeability oil reservoir. The method comprises the steps that geological data and logging data of a reservoir stratum and a relation chart of the zero-dimension fracture conductivity and the zero-dimension production index under different proppant index conditions are obtained; according to the geological data and the logging data of the reservoir stratum and the relation chart of the zero-dimension fracture conductivity and the zero-dimension production index under the different proppant index conditions, the range of the optimized fracture half length is determined; and fracturing design software is utilized and combined with the range of the optimized fracture half length, and an optimized fracturing design schemeis determined. The fracturing design method for the low-permeability oil reservoir is utilized to guide fracturing construction, the decreasing rate of the fracture conductivity can be effectively decreased, and the validity period of fractures is prolonged.

The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering prospecting, in particular to a static penetrometer. The static penetrometer can be applied to the field of deep hole static penetration tests. The condition that static sounding probing rods can be deviated and even bent when being subjected to excessively-high penetration resistance can be effectively avoided. The static penetrometer comprises a test platform. The test platform is provided with a plurality of sliding rails. Each sliding rail is provided with one static sounding probing rod in a penetrating mode, and thelower end of each static sounding probing rod is connected with a static sounding probe. The upper end of each static sounding probing rod is connected with a ZIGBEE wireless communication module, and each ZIGBEE wireless communication module is in wired connection with the corresponding static sounding probe. Each ZIGBEE wireless communication module is in wireless communication connection witha control terminal of the static penetrometer. A constraint sleeve is arranged on the periphery of each static sounding probing rod, and outer fixing tubes connected through threads are arranged on the peripheries of the corresponding constraint sleeves. The test platform is further provided with a penetrating oil cylinder used for driving and controlling the static sounding probing rods and the constraint sleeves.

The invention discloses a fracturing and tertiary recovery integrated construction method for a low-permeable reservoir. The fracturing and tertiary recovery integrated construction method comprises the following steps that fracturing layer segment dividing is conducted on a target layer, the liquid amount of fracturing for the target fracturing layer segment is determined, the construction displacement of the target fracturing layer segment is determined, and a pump injection construction procedure for the target fracturing layer segment is determined; and hole injecting operating is conducted on the target fracturing layer segment, oil-displace fracturing fluid is injected into the target fracturing layer segment for fracturing construction, and wherein, the oil-displace fracturing fluidis the fracturing fluid with an oil-displacing agent added. Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the method has the beneficial effects that by adding the oil-displacing agent into thefracturing fluid, the integrated construction of fracturing and tertiary oil recovery is achieved, so that the production increasing effect of fracturing and tertiary oil recovery is achieved; and meanwhile, the water lock effect of a reservoir layer is also avoided, and the significant progress is achieved compared with an existing first fracturing and then tertiary oil recovery scheme.

The invention relates to a method for equivalently representing threshold pressure gradients in low-permeability oil reservoir numerical simulation. The method comprises the following steps of: 1) obtaining a quantitative relationship between different-permeability reservoirs with and threshold pressure gradients through an experiment; 2) carrying out quantitative calculation on oil reservoir non-homogeneity; 3) setting numerical simulation partitions; and 4) carrying out threshold pressure gradient assignment on meshes formed after the partition setting: 1, reading a permeability value of each mesh, and carrying out assignment on the threshold pressure gradient of each mesh according to the relationship between the permeability and the threshold pressure gradients in the step 1), and 2, setting threshold pressure gradients of the partitions, and for a certain partition, carrying out assignment on a threshold pressure gradient generated in a fluid flow-out process and carrying out carrying out assignment on a threshold pressure gradient generated in a fluid flow-in process.

The invention discloses an oil gas treatment system and a treatment method, and the system comprises a condensation device which is used for carrying out condensation on collected oil gas, so as to obtain condensed liquid and non-condensable gas; a membrane separation assembly which is connected with the condensation device to receive the non-condensable gas, and is used for membrane separation treatment on the non-condensable gas to obtain intercepted oil gas and permeated oil gas with the organic matter concentration larger than that of the intercepted oil gas, wherein the permeated oil gasflows back to the condensation device; and an oxidation reaction device which is connected with the membrane separation assembly so as to receive the intercepted oil gas, and is used for performing oxidation reaction treatment on the intercepted oil gas so as to generate clean gas which can be discharged after reaching the standard. The oil gas treatment system can effectively solve the technicalproblems of strong dependence on the absorbent, substandard exhaust gas and high safety risk in the traditional oil gas treatment method.

The invention discloses a high-permeability penetrated oil layer for a semi-rigid road base layer, wherein the high-permeability penetrated oil layer is prepared from the following raw materials by weight: 400-600 parts of asphalt, 80-120 parts of kerosene, 10-20 parts of an emulsifier, 15-25 parts of hydrochloric acid, and 300-400 parts of water. The specific steps comprise: (1) heating the asphalt to a temperature of 120-140 DEG C; (2) mixing the kerosene, the emulsifier, the hydrochloric acid and the water, and heating to a temperature of 50-70 DEG C; and (3) simultaneously introducing theheated raw materials obtained in the step (1) and the step (2) into a colloid mill, and grinding to uniformly mix the raw materials so as to obtain the high-permeability penetrated oil layer. In the prior art, the domestic emulsified asphalt penetrated oil layer has poor permeability, the easily-formed oil film can be adhered away by the wheel, rolled or worn out, and other problems exist. According to the present invention, the high-permeability penetrated oil layer can solve the problems in the prior art; and through the auxiliary agent screening, formula optimizing and other system researches, the high-permeability penetrated oil layer is researched and developed and has advantages of safety, environment protection and good application effect.

The invention relates to a method for adjusting a well group after a lot of oil-displacing fluid is injected into a thin oil reservoir water injection well of a sandstone reservoir. The problem is mainly solved that an existing conventional fracturing well group adjusting method is not suitable for adjusting a measure well group by using the technology that a lot of oil-displacing fluid is injected into the water injection well. The method is characterized by comprising the steps that (1), water-injection profiles of measure wells obtained after a lot of oil-displacing fluid is injected are well monitored periodically, the production profiles of connected oil wells of the measure wells are well monitored periodically, and the measure wells are subjected to subdivision and water lifting; (2), the future production status of the connected oil wells is subjected to numerical simulation tracking and scheme prediction; a normally-closed oil well is subjected to well opening control; a high-flowing-pressure connected oil well is subjected to adjustment of large parameters and changing of a high-capacity pump; a non-measure water injection well is subjected to scheme adjustment; breakthrough layers of the connected oil wells and the connected wells with the breakthrough layers displayed by monitoring data are subjected to water plugging; the connected oil well with the low-permeability oil layer displayed by the monitoring data is subjected to fracturing response. By means of the adjusting method, the oil production speed and the recovery percent of the thin oil reservoir well group are increased.

Disclosed is a method for production of a methyl ester based formulation. The method involves: providing a feedstock containing about 1% to about 100% canola oil; removing water from the feedstock; heating the feedstock to at least about 60° C.; mixing a solution of about 90% to about 100% (v / v) methanol and a strong base with the heated feedstock to produce a mixture containing methyl ester; and allowing the mixture containing methyl ester to rest for at least one hour. The composition of the methanol and strong base solution being calculated based on the free fatty acid content of the feedstock. The methyl ester based formulations produced by the method can be used as ecofriendly penetrating oils, lubricating oils, machining fluid or releasing agents.

The present invention provides a low-permeability oil field planar five-point well pattern carbon dioxide flooding simulation experiment simulation method, comprising the following steps: 1: selecting a rock core and drilling on the surface of the rock core with a holder for planar five-point well pattern simulation ( 10) the five blind holes corresponding to the five through holes (12) on the top; two: put the core into the holder (10) for well pattern simulation of the plane five-point method; three: the plane five-point method Sequentially inject water and crude oil into the holder (10) for well pattern simulation to establish irreducible water saturation; 4: Inject carbon dioxide into the holder (10) for planar five-point well pattern simulation through the gas injection device (31) , collect and measure experimental parameters through the produced fluid collection and calibration equipment (21). This method can simulate the displacement dynamics of the one-injection, four-production, five-point well pattern, simulate the channeling between wells with fractures, and avoid the phenomenon of excessive starting pressure gradient of one-way flow, so as to be closer to the real situation.

The invention discloses an alcohol base liquid fuel mixed gas generator and a combustion method thereof. The mixed gas generator comprises a burner cap, a stove core, a generator inner container and a generator outer shell. The generator inner container is embedded in the generator outer shell. A gap is reserved between the generator inner container and the generator outer shell. Ventilation holes are formed in the wall of the generator inner container. The stove core is internally provided with penetrating oil passing holes. The stove core is fixed to the center of the bottom of the generator inner container, the burner cap covers an opening of the generator inner container, fire passing holes are evenly distributed in the burner cap, and the mixed gas generator is connected with an oil way used for supplying alcohol base liquid fuel and an air flue used for supplying air. Compared with the prior art, the alcohol base liquid fuel mixed gas generator and the combustion method thereof have the beneficial effects that the advantages of the alcohol base liquid fuel can be brought into full play, heat energy waste is effectively reduced, few materials are used, firepower is strong, the temperature can reach 1,300 DEG C, smoke and toxicity are avoided, and the national environmental protection standard is met; and safety and reliability are achieved, the practical range is wide, and operation is easy.

The invention relates to the technical field of oilfield development, in particular to a method and a device for predicting CO2 miscible flooding effected oil well gas channeling time of a low-permeability reservoir. A gas channeling early warning chart diagram is established through CMG numerical simulation software simulation, the gas channeling time of an oil well is determined through a Kmeansclustering algorithm, the influence degree of various influence factors of the oil well is judged through a partial correlation analysis method, the influence factors with the small influence degreeare removed, and a gas channeling time sample library is obtained; and a CO2 miscible-phase flooding well gas channeling time prediction model is established by using a multiple linear regression model algorithm. The gas channeling time of the oil well to be measured can be directly and accurately predicted by substituting influence factor data of the oil well to be measured into the CO2 miscible-phase flooding oil well gas channeling time prediction model, complex simulation on the oil well to be measured by using CMG numerical simulation software is skipped, and prediction on a development well is more accurate and faster. Influence factors with small influence degrees are eliminated so that the method is more instructive to the production field of the oil well.

The invention discloses a low-permeability reservoir characteristic main control factor extraction method and device and a readable storage medium. The low-permeability reservoir characteristic main control factor extraction method comprises the following steps: acquiring parameters of a plurality of to-be-classified reservoirs in a research area; screening out a plurality of parameters meeting preset conditions according to the relevancy among the parameters; standardizing the screened parameters; carrying out factor analysis on the parameters after standardization processing, and extractinga plurality of main factors; classifying the to-be-classified reservoirs by taking the extracted main factor as a standard; and determining a main factor with the maximum influence of each type of oilreservoir so as to determine a main control factor of each type of oil reservoir. The technical scheme provided by the invention has the advantages that the low-permeability oil reservoirs are classified through a factor analysis method and a K-mean clustering analysis method, and main control influence factor of each type of oil reservoirs is defined. According to the method, hidden oil reservoir characteristics can be extracted, and main control influence factors of various oil reservoirs are clarified.