The invention relates to a transmission shaft vibration test system, which includes a test bench, a vibration isolation base, a drive motor, an input speed sensor, a vibration acceleration sensor, an intermediate support, a shaft tube radial displacement sensor, an output speed sensor, and a dynamometer and the controller, wherein the vibration isolation base and the dynamometer are fixedly arranged on the test bench, and are separately arranged on both sides of the test bench, a bracket is fixed between the vibration isolation base and the dynamometer, and a drive is fixed on the upper part of the vibration isolation base. The motor, the speed sensor at the input end is set at one end of the drive motor, the speed sensor at the input end, the vibration acceleration sensor, the radial displacement sensor of the shaft tube, and the speed sensor at the output end are all connected to the controller respectively. The transmission shaft vibration testing system of the present invention can effectively discriminate abnormal sound transmission shafts and non-abnormal sound transmission shafts, so as to realize quality control on the NVH aspect of the transmission shafts.