The invention discloses a fresh maize heterosis group step-by-step classification germplasm improvement and breeding technology system. The system comprises the steps of selecting of the high-quality germplasm and coeno-species of a three-group combination recurrent selection initial group, resistance selection, double haploid breeding, DH system testing, combining ability measurement, application of a DH system in breeding, combination of a second recurrent initial group, and the like. The system provided by the invention advocates to widely perform recurrent selection in respects of various pest and disease damage resistance, lodging resistance, quality, yield and the like in a multi-ecological condition, and performing group interchanging and mutual combination to polymerize valuable genes with high quality, high yield, multiple resistances, wide applicability and the like, so that excellent characteristics of a group are accumulated step by step, and the breeding performance is gradually increased.