The invention relates to a dual-band high-precision ranging aerospace ground system. The dual-band high-precision ranging aerospace ground system comprises a ranging baseband (1), a digital switch matrix (2), a transmitting digital front end (3), a receiving digital front end (4), an S high-power amplifier (5), a Ka upgoing high-stability channel (6), a Ka high-power amplifier (7), an S-field amplifier (8), a Ka-field amplifier (9), a Ka downgoing high-stability channel (10), a main antenna (11) and a zero calibration device. The zero calibration device includes an offset antenna (12), an S duplexer (13), an S zero calibration frequency converter (14), a Ka duplexer (15) and a Ka zero calibration frequency converter (16). The dual-band high-precision ranging aerospace ground system can complete the precise bidirectional distance measurement for a satellite carrying a high-precision ranging transponder, can further be used for high-precision bidirectional distance measurement of other common aircraft, has the characteristics that the measurement precision is high, adaptability to target dynamics is large, no-fuzzy distance is long, anti-interference ability is high and the like, andis particularly suitable for high-precision measurement orbit of satellites or spacecraft.