The invention discloses an antibacterial composite fiber membrane for removing haze particles and formaldehyde and a preparation method of the antibacterial composite fiber membrane. The membrane is composed of a polymer nanometer fiber layer and a polymer-metal oxide composite superfine fiber layer. The membrane has multiple and efficient air purification functions, and can be persistently antibacterial and remove harmful substances in air, such as haze particles and formaldehyde. The soaping degree is high, the membrane is reusable, and the service life of the membrane is prolonged. After a protective fiber layer or other fiber layers are added to the outer surface of the composite fiber membrane, the composite fiber membrane can be used for masks, air purifiers, clean room air filtration systems, air conditioners and the like. Moreover, the spinning components, the ratio and the number of fiber layers can be adjusted at will so as to meet different functions and demands. The composite fiber membrane has the advantages of low cost, simple preparation process, energy conservation, low consumption and no secondary pollution.