The invention provides a double star formation control closed loop testing system and method under the whole start condition. The system comprises an attitude and orbit control computer, a star sensor, a gyroscope combination, a reaction flywheel, a magnetorquer, a valve line box, a comprehensive electronic management unit, a concomitant star GNSS receiver, a primary star GNSS receiver, a GPS guide star analog module, a BD guide star analog module, a radio frequency modulation module, a navigation simulator upper computer, an orbital dynamics module, an attitude dynamics module, a signal acquisition module, and an electrical signal source module, wherein the attitude and orbit control computer is connected with the star sensor and the gyroscope combination through a universal serial bus. The system has the advantages of being high in real-time performance, high in data stability, good in adaptability and the like, and the problem of loop formation control closed loop testing of physical products on stars is solved.