Disclosed is a piston type SMA-piezoelectric composite variable friction damper. The damper mainly comprises an outer cylinder barrel, an upper cylinder cover, an outer end piston, a curve friction steel plate, a connection rod, a sliding shaft, an SMA wire rope, an auxiliary spring A, a prepressing bolt, an adjusting nut, a piezoelectric ceramic driver, a force sensor, a flat screw, a connection bolt, a flat end fastening screw, an SMA wire rope fixing bolt, a lower cylinder cover, an inserting bolt, an annular fixing button, a middle piston, an open hole, a spring support A, a round groove, a friction material, a cylindrical guide rod, a guide rod siding bin, threads, an adjusting bolt, a clamp protrusion, a stop block, a sliding groove, a sliding bin cover, a wire, a power inlet port, a spring support B, a spring support C, a spring support D and an auxiliary spring B. The damper is simple in structure and easy to achieve and has the effects of deformation adjusting through voltage, fast and reliable motion responses, large driving force and good self reset. The magnitude of precompression can be adjusted precisely. Energy dissipation and earthquake attenuation requirements under earthquakes of different intensities can be met.