The invention discloses a hardware-in-the-loop test system for a whole vehicle controller of a four-wheel distributed drive electric bus. The system comprises a hardware-in-the-loop test system hardware platform, a vehicle simulation test model, a battery module, a motor module and a driver module. The hardware-in-loop test system hardware platform comprises a vehicle control unit, an upper computer, a real-time processor, an analog input/output board card, a CAN communication board card, a fault injection module, a signal conditioning module and a programmable power supply. The upper computer, the driver module, the vehicle control unit, the battery module, the motor module and the vehicle simulation test model form a closed-loop test system. Development and testing of the vehicle controlsystem are realized, software and hardware systems are tested and verified at the same time, the development cost is reduced, the development time is saved, the safety risk of real vehicle testing isreduced, and the method has the advantages of safety, rapidness, high efficiency and the like.