The invention provides a fiber reinforced cement-based thin cloth and infilled wall composite structure and a construction process thereof. Fiber reinforced cement-based thin cloth sequentially comprises a first thin cloth layer, a cement base layer and a second thin cloth layer from bottom to top, and the first thin cloth layer, the cement base layer and the second thin cloth layer are fixed intoa whole through the bonding effect of the cement base layer. Aerated concrete self-heat-preservation building blocks are adopted as wall materials of an infilled wall, after building is completed, epoxy resin glue is sprayed to the surface of the wall, the fiber reinforced cement-based thin cloth is laid along the wall, water is evenly sprayed to the laid wall, the thin cloth and the wall are fully combined, and thus the infilled wall composite structure is formed. The composite structure is a wall structure which is reasonable in structure and synchronous in service life of all layers, the durability and shock resistance are remarkably improved besides energy conservation and heat preservation, the problems that a self-heat-preservation material serving as a frame infilled wall is lightand not high in strength, cracks are likely to be generated and the like are solved, material preparation is simple, the cost is low, and the construction technology is simple and convenient.