The invention discloses a tail gas treatment system of a high-temperature separation device of recycled cables, and the treatment system comprises a primary dedusting mechanism, a first dedusting mechanism, a transducing mechanism, a first regenerating mechanism, a settling mechanism, a dust deposition module, an absorption mechanism, an exhaust mechanism, a circulating mechanism and an unloading module, wherein the first dedusting mechanism is communicated with the primary dedusting mechanism, the transducing mechanism is communicated with a first end of the first dedusting mechanism, the first regenerating mechanism is communicated with a second end of the first dedusting mechanism, the settling mechanism is communicated with the transducing mechanism, the dust deposition module is arranged at the lower part of the settling mechanism, the absorption mechanism is arranged at the rear part of the settling mechanism, the exhaust mechanism is arranged at the upper part of the absorption mechanism, the circulating mechanism is communicated with the absorption mechanism, and the unloading module is arranged at the lower part of the absorption mechanism. Under the mutual synergistic effect of the primary dedusting mechanism, the first dedusting mechanism, the transducing mechanism, the first regenerating mechanism, the settling mechanism, the dust deposition module, the absorption mechanism, the exhaust mechanism, the circulating mechanism and the unloading module, waste gas can be efficiently recycled, and also the substances in the waste gas can be recycled, thereby avoiding pollution of the environment.