The invention relates to a local phase lock quadrature polarization free space coherent light communication device. The local phase lock quadrature polarization free space coherent light communication device comprises a single frequency single mode laser device, a fiber polarization beam splitter, a fiber stretcher, a first light phase modulator, a second light phase modulator, a data signal generator, a microwave amplifier, a first fiber collimator, a second fiber collimator, a first emission half-wave plate, a second emission half-wave plate, a first polarization beam splitting prism, a third emission half-wave plate, a second polarization beam splitting prism, a first rectangular prism, a first focusing lens, a second focusing lens, a first balance detector, a loop filter, a reception half-wave plate, a third polarization beam splitting prism, a second rectangular prism, a third focusing lens, a fourth focusing lens, a second balance detector and an A/D converter. The device emits coaxial quadrature polarization signal light, realizes self-interference reception at a reception end and can effectively overcome a phase error, a locking phase structure is arranged at an emission end, the structure of the reception end is simplified, and the system communication rate can be flexibly adjusted with no need for adjusting the light path.