The invention discloses a gene sequencing data compression and transmission method. The method comprises the following steps of A, establishing a standard DNA sequence database; B, deploying the standard DNA sequence database to a data processing device; C, preprocessing DNA sequencing data: comparing the DNA sequencing data with the standard DNA database one by one, generating a corresponding relationship, replacing an original text of the DNA sequencing data with numbers of the standard DNA database, and separately storing a part, different from the standard DNA database, of the DNA sequencing data; D, performing compression; and E, performing storage or transmission. The standard DNA sequence database is stored in the data processing device, so that a large amount of information contained in the DNA sequencing data can be represented by the numbers of the standard DNA database, and the data capacity after the step of preprocessing the DNA sequencing data is greatly reduced; through further compression, the capacity is smaller, so that the storage space of the DNA sequencing data is smaller, and the data transmission efficiency is higher; and the data in the method is matched with output data of a second-generation sequencing technology and even a third-generation sequencing technology.