The invention relates to a black liquor combustion optimizing control system, comprising an input interface module, an input isolation module, an A / D conversion module, an algorithm module, a processor module, a D / A conversion module, an output isolation module and an output interface module which are sequentially connected. The input interface module acquires signals of furnace negative pressure, furnace temperature and black liquor flow in a black liquor incinerator and smoke oxygen concentration. The acquired signal is process by the isolation module and conversion module and then is sent to the processor module. The processor module calls a mathematical model of the algorithm module, the acquired signals are calculated, analyzed and processed, the processed data is stored and output, and the output data controls primary blowing rate, secondary blowing rate, tertiary blowing rate and black liquor flow by virtue of the conversion, output isolation and output interface modules, so as to realize optimal combustion of black liquor incinerator. By adopting the system, combustion efficiency of black liquor incinerator can be further improved, energy consumption can be reduced, and pollutant emission can be reduced; meanwhile service life of incinerator is prolonged, and economic benefit and environmental benefit of alkali recovery plant.