57results about How to "Suppress degradation" patented technology

A writing apparatus including a selector unit responsive to receipt of input data of a pattern to be written by shots of irradiation of an electron beam, configured to select a current density of the electron beam being shot and a maximal shot size thereof based on the input data of the pattern to be written; and a writing unit configured to create an electron beam with the current density selected by said selector unit, shape the created electron beam into a shot size less than or equal to said maximal shot size in units of the shots, and shoot the shaped electron beam onto a workpiece to thereby write said pattern.

A display device includes a display panel having a self-luminous display element on a substrate and having one major surface as a display surface, a driving circuit board that is connected to the display panel via a flexible board, is disposed on a non-display-surface-side of the display panel, and supplies a driving signal to the display panel, and a heat resistance layer that is disposed between the display panel and the driving circuit board.

The invention generally encompasses phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions and their use in many applications, including but not limited to: as electrolytes in electronic devices such as memory devices including static, permanent and dynamic random access memory, as electrolytes in energy storage devices such as batteries, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) or supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, electrolytic capacitors, as electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), as electrolytes in fuel cells, as a heat transfer medium, among other applications. In particular, the invention generally relates to phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, wherein the compositions exhibit superior combination of thermodynamic stability, low volatility, wide liquidus range, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability. The invention further encompasses methods of making such phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, operational devices and systems comprising the same.

A nitride based semiconductor device includes: an n-type cladding layer; an n-type GaN based guide layer placed on the n-type cladding layer; an active layer placed on the n-type GaN based guide layer; a p-type GaN based guide layer placed on the active layer; an electron block layer placed on the p-type GaN based guide layer; a stress relaxation layer placed on the electron block layer; and a p-type cladding layer placed on the stress relaxation layer, and the nitride based semiconductor device alleviates the stress occurred under the influence of the electron block layer, does not affect light distribution by the electron block layer, reduces threshold current, can suppress the degradation of reliability, can suppress degradation of the emitting end surface of the laser beam, can improve the far field pattern, and is long lasting, and fabrication method of the device is also provided.

A transistor whose channel region includes an oxide semiconductor is used as a pull down transistor. The band gap of the oxide semiconductor is 2.0 eV or more, preferably 2.5 eV or more, more preferably 3.0 eV or more. Thus, hot carrier degradation in the transistor can be suppressed. Accordingly, the circuit size of the semiconductor device including the pull down transistor can be made small. Further, a gate of a pull up transistor is made to be in a floating state by switching of on/off of the transistor whose channel region includes an oxide semiconductor. Note that when the oxide semiconductor is highly purified, the off-state current of the transistor can be 1 aA/μm (1×10⁻¹⁸ A/μm) or less. Therefore, the drive capability of the semiconductor device can be improved.

A process of detecting a defective recording element and a process of correcting the defective recording element are performed with appropriate processing loads. When the detection process and the correction processes are performed with small loads, for example, at a time of recording, a resolution used for reading an inspection pattern is set lower than that set in a case where the processes can be performed with small loads, for example, at down time before recording. The reading resolution to be set may be determined by an apparatus in accordance with a processing load or may be arbitrarily determined by a user.

The invention generally encompasses phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions and their use in many applications, including but not limited to: as electrolytes in electronic devices such as memory devices including static, permanent and dynamic random access memory, as electrolytes in energy storage devices such as batteries, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) or supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, electrolytic capacitors, as electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), as electrolytes in fuel cells, as a heat transfer medium, among other applications. In particular, the invention generally relates to phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, wherein the compositions exhibit superior combination of thermodynamic stability, low volatility, wide liquidus range, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability. The invention further encompasses methods of making such phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, operational devices and systems comprising the same.

The invention generally encompasses phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions and their use in many applications, including but not limited to: as electrolytes in electronic devices such as memory devices including static, permanent and dynamic random access memory, as electrolytes in energy storage devices such as batteries, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) or supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, electrolytic capacitors, as electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), as electrolytes in fuel cells, as a heat transfer medium, among other applications. In particular, the invention generally relates to phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, wherein the compositions exhibit superior combination of thermodynamic stability, low volatility, wide liquidus range, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability. The invention further encompasses methods of making such phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, operational devices and systems comprising the same.

A control device of an electric power supply apparatus controls a voltage applied to an inverter to fall within a voltage range between a first voltage that is the voltage of one of a first electric power supply and a second electric power supply and a second voltage that is the sum of the voltage of the first electric power supply and the voltage of the second electric power supply, by alternately switching between a series state in which a current loop that connects the first electric power supply, the second electric power supply, and a reactor in series with the inverter is formed, and a parallel state in which the first electric power supply and the second electric power supply are connected in parallel with the inverter as an electric load.

A character input apparatus which makes it possible to suppress degradation of use-friendliness in a case where a visually disabled user inputs characters using an auto-complete function. In the character string input apparatus, a character string to be input as a portion following a character string input by a user is predicted based on the character string input by the user, and the character string input by the user is completed using the predicted character string as a portion complementary thereto. In a voice guidance mode, information associated with a key selected by the user is read aloud by voice. When the voice guidance mode is enabled, the character string input apparatus disables the auto-complete function and performs control such that a character string cannot be automatically completed.

A catalyst for purifying exhaust gases comprises a support comprising at least an oxide comprising cerium and a catalytic ingredient loaded on the support, and exhibits a value of an oxygen sorbing amount with respect to a heat capacity, an oxygen sorbing amount/heat capacity value falling in a range of from 4×10⁻³ to 8×10⁻³ (g·J⁻¹·K). When the oxygen sorbing amount/heat capacity value is in the range, the catalyst is excellent in terms of the low-temperature purifying ability.

After a sustain discharge period, a voltage twice a sustain pulse is applied to one of sustain discharge electrodes to form, on an address electrode, wall charges capable of self-erase discharge between an address electrode and the sustain discharge electrode by an address pulse, and the address pulse is applied to the address electrode to perform self-erase discharge between the address electrode and the sustain discharge electrode, thereby removing the wall charges formed on the address electrode. With this arrangement, a cell to be turned on in accordance with display data can be accurately selected in an address period without forming any wall charges on the address electrode, and any degradation in drive margin or display quality of a plasma display device can be suppressed.

A parallel running vehicle detecting apparatus is provided, which includes a first distance sensor for detecting distance of an object in a first detection area on a rear lateral side of a vehicle, a second distance sensor for detecting distance of an object in a second detection area, a parallel running vehicle detector for detecting a parallel running vehicle based on detections of the first and second distance sensors, and a storage for storing a detection distance history of the second distance sensor. The parallel running vehicle detector is provided with multiple determination conditions for determining whether the object detected by the first distance sensor is the parallel running vehicle, and changes the parallel running vehicle determination condition based on the detection distance history stored in the storage.

A pressure-sensitive adhesive layer attached polarizing film of invention includes a polarizing film; and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer provided on the polarizing film, wherein the polarizing film comprises a polarizer and a transparent protective film provided on only one side of the polarizer, the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is provided on a side of the polarizer opposite to the side on which the transparent protective film is provided, and the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is made from a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition including a (meth)acryl-based polymer (A), an onium-anion salt (B1), and an alkali metal salt (B2). The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer attached polarizing film has a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer possessing an antistatic function and satisfactory durability even after a humidity test under severe conditions and is less prone to degradation of optical properties even after a humidity test under severe conditions.

A method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus for limiting degradation in a catalyst due to dew condensation at the time of shutdown is provided. The method of shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus comprising, a combustor which supplies heat necessary to a reforming device, a first air supplier which supplies air to the combustor, a combustion exhaust gas path formed such that the combustion exhaust gas produced in the combustor makes heat exchange with the reforming device and then with a CO reducing device, and a controller which operates the first air supplier so that the temperature of the gas in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than a dew point after shutdown of the combustion operation of the combustor and before a start of a purging operation to purge the interiors of the reforming device and the CO reducing device with a replacement gas.

A fuel cell stack has an asymmetrical triangular inlet buffer. An inlet connection channel connects a coolant supply passage on the upper side and the inlet buffer, and an inlet connection channel connects a coolant supply passage on the lower side and the inlet buffer. The number of flow grooves in the inlet connection channel is different from the number of flow grooves in the inlet connection channel.

A particulate combustion catalyst which includes a carrier containing a cerium-zirconium double oxide having a cerium oxide content of 5 to 50 mass %, or a carrier containing a cerium-zirconium-based double oxide containing an oxide of at least one metal selected from Nd, La, Fe, Y, Pr, Ba, Ca, Mg, Sn, and Sr in an amount of 1 to 35 mass %, and having a cerium oxide content of 5 to 50 mass %; and at least one metal selected from Ag, Ru, and K, or an oxide thereof supported on the carrier, and at least one metal selected from among Pt, Pd, and Rh supported on the carrier in an amount of 0.01 to 2 mass %. A particulate filter and an exhaust gas cleanup system having the catalyst are also disclosed. Employment of the particulate combustion catalyst realizes removal of soot through oxidation at low temperature without employment of an expensive noble metal. Since oxidation reaction proceeds with the aid of only oxygen, soot can be removed through oxidation at low temperature regardless of the NO_x concentration of exhaust gas. Addition of a small amount of a noble metal can enhance effective removal of SOFs through oxidation while ensuring soot combustion.

A fuel cell system is provided that can suppress the degradation of the MEA and simultaneously assure the merchantability. The fuel cell system 1 includes: a fuel cell 10 that generates electric power by reacting hydrogen gas and oxidant gas; a temperature sensor 103 that detects the temperature of the fuel cell 10; a voltage lower limit calculation portion 31 that sets the voltage threshold to limit the output of the fuel cell10 based on the temperature detected of the fuel cell 10; a current upper limit calculation portion 32 and the current limiting portion 33 that limits the output of the fuel cell in a case where the voltage generated by the fuel cell 10 is lower than the voltage threshold.

The hydrophobicizing apparatus includes a vaporizing surface forming member of which surface is located in a vaporizing room; a vaporizing surface heating unit that heats the vaporizing surface forming member; a liquid chemical supply port that supplies a liquid chemical for a hydrophobicizing process on the surface of the vaporizing surface forming member; a gas inlet port that introduces a carrier gas into the vaporizing room; an outlet port that supplies a hydrophobicizing gas vaporized in the vaporizing room; and a processing chamber that performs the hydrophobicizing process on a substrate accommodated therein by the hydrophobicizing gas supplied through the outlet port. With this configuration, the hydrophobicizing gas of a high concentration can be supplied onto the substrate. Further, since the stored liquid chemical is not in contact with the carrier gas when a process is not being performed, degradation of the liquid chemical is suppressed.

Synthesis of molecules and salts is disclosed having low average symmetry and their use in many applications, including but not limited to: as electrolytes in electronic devices such as memory devices including static, permanent and dynamic random access memory, as electrolytes in energy storage devices such as batteries, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) or supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, electrolytic capacitors, as electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), as electrolytes in fuel cells, as a heat transfer medium, high temperature reaction and/or extraction media, among other applications. In particular, synthesis methods and processes to form molecules and salts having low average symmetry using mixed Grignard reagents are disclosed.

A method of operating a fuel cell includes the steps of detecting hydrogen peroxide concentration during power generation by a hydrogen peroxide concentration sensor provided directly on a membrane electrode assembly and determining an operating condition of the fuel cell based on the detected hydrogen peroxide concentration.

A cushioning member between plate bodies of a mass body and at end portions, in the circumferential direction, so as not to rotate relative to the plate bodies. The peripheral edges, on both sides in the width direction, of the outer peripheral surfaces of the cushioning member's first and second side portions abutting against a support member, along with swing of the mass body, are chamfered, reducing the possibility that the cushioning member enters in a clearance between the side surfaces of the support member and the plate bodies when the cushioning members' first side portion and the support member abut, or when the cushioning member's second side portion and the support member abut, along with swing of the mass body, suppressing damage to the cushioning member.

An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes a substrate that includes an insulating layer, a display unit disposed on the substrate, an encapsulation member that covers the display unit, and a sealing member disposed on a non-display area of the substrate outside the display unit and between the substrate and the encapsulation member. The insulating layer comprises a first portion that corresponds to the non-display area, and comprises at least one groove formed in the first portion that extends in a direction that is not parallel to an extension direction of the sealing member. The sealing member substantially fills the at least one groove.

This invention provides a paper-structured catalyst which exhibits high catalytic activity for hydrocarbon reforming to increase the efficiency of hydrocarbon reforming, and is tolerant to thermal shock to cause destruction of the catalyst structure and clogging and destruction of catalyst voids, and an internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell with the paper-structured catalyst. The paper-structured catalyst according to the present invention is composed of a paper-structured porous support prepared by forming inorganic fibers in a paper-like shape and catalyst metal which is loaded dispersedly on a surface of the paper-structured porous support and has reforming activity against hydrocarbons. The inorganic fibers constituting the paper-structured porous support contain at least partially ion conductive oxide fibers. The reforming activity of the paper structured catalyst against hydrocarbons is high, and the catalyst is tolerant to thermal stress fracture and can easily be formed into a desired size and shape, and the degree of freedom for making catalyst array is high. Since an internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell with the paper-structured catalyst according to the present invention as a hydrocarbon reforming catalyst can suppress thermal stress fracture, and degradation due to carbon deposition, resulting in more stable power generation.

A photovoltaic generation system includes: a solar cell array formed with one or more solar cell modules; and a power conditioner, wherein each of the solar cell modules includes one or more solar cells, the photovoltaic generation system further has a first conductive wire connected to a conductor parts which is provided at each of the solar cell modules and which is insulated from the solar cells, and a constant voltage power supply whose one end is connected to the first conductive wire, and a potential is supplied to the conductor parts by the constant voltage power supply. As a result, the photovoltaic generation system which can suppress degradation of solar cell characteristics due to PID while suppressing increase in manufacturing cost of the solar cell module is provided.

The invention provides couplers that are thinner and smaller in size and still satisfy the required various properties of the couplers.

According to an embodiment of the invention, a coupler has a first line L1 that includes a coiled main line L11 and is constituted by separate portions arranged in different layers; a second line L2 that includes a coiled secondary line L21 arranged to be opposed to the main line L11 via an insulating layer, the second line being constituted by separate portions arranged in different layers; a plurality of vias P11, P12, P21 and P22 that connect the separate portions of the first line arranged in the different layers to each other and connect the separate portions of the second line arranged in the different layers to each other; and a plurality of terminals T11, T12, T21 and T22 each connected to an end of the first and second lines L1 and L2. The vias include an extension via P11 connected to the main line or the secondary line and extending through the insulating layer, and the extension via P11 wires out at least one of the first line L1 and the second line L2 to the same side of the insulating layer as the other one of the first line L1 and the second line L2.

In order to suppress the damage and the degradation in durability of a bearing of an expander, simplify the configuration of the expander, and reduce the manufacturing cost thereof, an expander of the present invention includes an expander rotor that is rotationally driven by an expanding force transmitted from vapor of a working medium introduced into an expansion chamber and a first bearing that supports a first rotation shaft of the expander rotor to a vapor inlet, a casing includes therein first bearing chambers that have a pressure lower than that of the vapor inlet and accommodate the first bearing, and a passage that leads lubricant to a low-pressure portion having a pressure lower than that of the first bearing chamber is connected to a position above the lowermost portion of the first bearing in the first bearing chamber.