The invention discloses a device and method for testing the power capability of composite explosives. The device for testing the power capability of the composite explosives is composed of winches, supports, support supporting rods, bearing bases, rotary shafts, swing arms, pendulum bobs, pendulum bob protruding teeth, a one-way limiter and angulometers. Before a test, explosive samples to be tested are prepared through special pressing molds, the samples to be tested are placed in inner cavities of the pendulum bobs and detonated through detonators, after detonation, the two pendulum bobs swing circumferentially around the rotary shafts under the limitation of the swing arms, the pendulum bobs are controlled by the one-way limiter and the pendulum bob protruding teeth to swing to the highest point and then stay still, the angulometers are used for measuring the swing angles of the pendulum bobs, and the power capability of the composite explosives after detonation is calculated and measured through the swing angles of the two pendulum bobs. According to the device and method, the improvement is made on the basis of a traditional ballistic trajectory mortar method, the conversion efficiency for converting chemical energy into mechanical energy of detonation can be improved through the two-pendulum-bob structure, and therefore the test result and the quantitative expression of the power capability of the composite explosives are more accurate.