1404 results about "Grounding electrodes" patented technology

The embodiment of the invention provides an electro-optical modulator and a light quantum computer. The electro-optical modulator comprises an electrode assembly and an optical waveguide assembly. The electrode assembly comprises a positive signal electrode, a negative signal electrode, a first grounding electrode and a second grounding electrode, and the positive signal electrode and the negative signal electrode are arranged between the first grounding electrode and the second grounding electrode. The optical waveguide assembly is configured to bear optical signals and comprises a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide, the first optical waveguide is located between the positive signal electrode and the negative signal electrode and used for bearing first optical signals, and the second optical waveguide is located between the first grounding electrode and the positive signal electrode or between the second grounding electrode and the negative signal electrode and used for bearing second optical signals. The carrier is used for bearing second optical signals. Constant-amplitude voltage signals with opposite phases are applied to the positive signal electrode and the negative signal electrode which are tightly coupled, so that the modulation efficiency can be improved, and the common-mode noise can be reduced.

An antenna module includes a dielectric substrate, a ground electrode disposed in the dielectric substrate, flat-plate-shaped radiating elements, feed lines, and a via electrode connected to the ground electrode. The radiating element is disposed opposite the ground electrode in the dielectric substrate. The radiating element is disposed between the radiating element and the ground electrode. The feed line extends through the radiating element and transmits a radio-frequency signal to the radiating element. The feed line transmits a radio-frequency signal to the radiating element. The feed line is electrically coupled to the radiating element at a position offset from a center of the radiating element in a first direction. The feed line is electrically coupled to the radiating element at a position offset from a center of the radiating element in a second direction different from the first direction.

An ozone generating cell includes a corona discharge chamber with a curved side wall. The cell includes a high-voltage electrode, a ground electrode, and a dielectric material positioned between the high-voltage electrode and the ground electrode. The cell includes a gas channel formed between the dielectric material and the ground electrode. The channel has a first end in fluid communication with a gas opening in the dielectric material, which is in fluid communication with a gas port. The channel has a second end in fluid communication with another gas port. The channel further includes multiple concentric segments between the first and second ends of the channel.

The invention discloses a coast grounding electrode arrangement optimization method and device based on a multi-layer soil structure, terminal equipment and a storage medium. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring coast soil resistivity, seawater resistivity and coastline slope of different horizontal layers and initial arrangement schemes of each coast grounding electrode; simulating and calculating the earth surface maximum step voltage of the coast grounding electrode and the current density of each grounding electrode feed rod under each coast grounding electrode arrangement scheme through the grounding electrode soil simulation model; calculating the correlation coefficient of the two, and calculating the weight coefficient of the current density of each grounding electrode feed rod based on the correlation coefficient; selecting a coast grounding electrode arrangement scheme to calculate an adjustment coefficient; and adjusting the optimization scheme based on the adjustment coefficient to obtain a coast grounding electrode arrangement scheme meeting the requirements. By implementing the method, the coast grounding electrode arrangement scheme can be adjusted and optimized, so that the coast grounding electrode arrangement scheme meeting the requirements is obtained.

The present invention discloses a wireless ultrasonic measurement system and a construction method thereof, wherein the measurement system includes a sensing module and a detection module; the sensing module includes a piezoelectric layer on the surface of the detection object, a first lead-out electrode structure, a first grounding electrode structure, a first insulating plate, and a sensing coil; the first insulating plate is provided with a first opening; the first lead-out electrode structure includes a first lead-out electrode on the top of the piezoelectric layer and a second lead-out electrode in the first opening; the first grounding electrode structure includes a first grounding electrode and a second grounding electrode; the second lead-out electrode and the second grounding electrode are respectively connected to the first lead-out electrode and the first grounding electrode; the sensing coil is provided at the top of the first insulating plate. The detection system of the present invention uses an insulating plate to isolate the sensing coil away from the surface of the detection object, which is conducive to the sensing coil generating a non-zero induced voltage U ind , thereby enhancing the signal of the receiving coil, and realizing contactless ultrasonic signal reception with a receiving distance of up to 20mm.

An exemplary electrode lead includes a flexible body formed of a flexible insulating material and that comprises a fantail region that connects to a cochlear implant configured to be implanted within a recipient and that extends to a ground electrode located toward a proximal end of the electrode lead, an electrode contact disposed on a side of the flexible body, a coiled electrode wire provided within the flexible body so as to extend along a length of the flexible body and electrically connect the electrode contact to a signal source, and a coiled reinforcing element provided within the flexible body so as to extend together with the coiled electrode wire along the length of the flexible body. The coiled reinforcing element may only be provided within a proximal portion of the electrode lead. Corresponding methods of manufacturing an electrode lead are also described.

The invention discloses an interference suppression measurement method for a grounding resistor, and relates to the technical field of interference resistance, and the method comprises the steps: injecting a detection current into a grounding electrode, and synchronously collecting an original voltage signal at two ends of the grounding electrode and a time domain waveform of the detection current; performing time domain segmentation on the original voltage signal, performing linear frequency modulation wavelet transform on the signal in each time period, generating an initial time-frequency matrix, extracting a time-frequency ridge line from the initial time-frequency matrix, identifying interference information, obtaining an interference-removed time-frequency matrix, optimizing the interference-removed time-frequency matrix through robust kernel principal component analysis, and obtaining an interference-removed time-frequency matrix; a synchronous redistribution operator is used for carrying out signal purification, a pure time-frequency matrix is obtained, linear frequency modulation Z transformation is carried out on the pure time-frequency matrix, voltage amplitude and frequency are extracted, an energy centroid method is used for correcting the voltage amplitude and frequency, interference can be effectively restrained, and the grounding resistance measurement precision is remarkably improved.

The invention discloses efficient metal grounding electrode production equipment, and relates to the technical field of metal material manufacturing, the efficient metal grounding electrode production equipment comprises a feeding table, a feeding mechanism is arranged on the upper portion of the feeding table, the feeding mechanism comprises a discharging groove formed in the upper portion of the feeding table, a plurality of grounding electrode raw material bodies are placed in the discharging groove, and a pushing groove is formed in the upper portion of the feeding table; the upper portion of the feeding table is rotationally connected with a first rotating shaft, the first rotating shaft is fixedly connected with a connecting rod, the side, away from the first rotating shaft, of the connecting rod is slidably connected with a second connecting plate, and the side, close to the discharging groove, of the second connecting plate is fixedly connected with a first connecting plate. The first rotating shaft rotates to finally drive the push rod to slide in the push groove in a reciprocating mode, meanwhile, automatic feeding is achieved under the action of the spring and the push plate, the feeding number of each time is kept consistent, the operation time of traditional manual continuous auxiliary feeding is shortened, and the production efficiency is greatly improved.

The invention provides a cable fault arc temperature distribution calculation method based on multi-physics field coupling, and the method comprises the steps: building a cable fault arc simulation model; setting boundary conditions of multi-physics field coupling of an electric field equation, a magnetic field equation, a fluid heat transfer equation and a laminar flow equation for the cable fault arc simulation model; the arc temperature distribution is obtained by controlling the voltage and current parameters of the arc simulation loop, the distance between the copper core conductor and the grounding electrode and the air velocity. A cable fault arc simulation model is built, high risks of electric shock and explosion in laboratory tests are avoided, the loss cost of laboratory test equipment is reduced, the defect that only the peripheral temperature of the arc can be measured in the laboratory tests is overcome through a multi-physics field coupling equation, and global continuous arc temperature data are obtained. And a theoretical basis is provided for power system protection design, cable laying optimization, fire-fighting strategy formulation and cable fire risk assessment.

The application discloses a six-pole ring plasma generating device for sterilization and disinfection, which is composed of a plasma generating area, a plasma activated water storage area and a plasma special power supply; the plasma generating area is composed of a fan, a single-pole high-voltage electrode column, a quartz tube, a six-pole grounding electrode column and a ring electrode fixing plate; the upper side wall of the plasma generating area is provided with a circular air hole in the center; the plasma activated water storage area is located below the plasma generating area and communicates with the plasma generating area; the left side wall of the plasma activated water storage area is provided with a circular water injection hole in the center, and the front side communicates with a water faucet. Gas enters the plasma generating area through the circular air hole and generates plasma under the action of high voltage. The gas carrying the plasma enters the plasma activated water storage area, so that ordinary water is changed into plasma activated water, and the plasma activated water can be taken through the water faucet.

The invention provides a dielectric barrier discharge reactor with a double-dielectric coating structure, which belongs to the technical field of plasma discharge and dielectric engineering and comprises a DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) power supply, a gas supply and flow control module and a coaxial DBD reactor body. The body is of a coaxial hierarchical structure, a coaxial high-voltage electrode is arranged on the inner side of a hollow quartz tube, a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer are attached to and wrap the outer side of the hollow quartz tube to form a radial dielectric constant gradient, a grounding electrode wraps the second dielectric layer, and the two axial ends of the grounding electrode are sleeved with hoops to be clamped and fixed. Two ends of the quartz tube are hermetically connected with PTFE joints with air inlets and air outlets; the DBD power source is electrically connected with the high-voltage electrode through a high-voltage wire, and the gas supply and flow control module is communicated with the PTFE connector through a pipeline. The invention solves the problems of large energy loss and poor discharge stability caused by easy uncontrollable micro-gap between the external electrode and the dielectric tube of the existing dielectric barrier discharge reactor, and is suitable for the scenes of ozone generation, surface modification, plasma catalysis and the like.

The utility model discloses a special connecting device for a grounding electrode of a high-density electrical method tester, which relates to the technical field of grounding devices and comprises a wire body assembly, the wire body assembly comprises a multi-core cable and a grounding rod, the outer side of the wire body assembly is fixedly connected with an installation assembly, and the top end of the wire body assembly is slidably connected with a line protection assembly. The wire body assembly is internally provided with a water seepage assembly, the installation assembly comprises an elastic sheet, the interior of the elastic sheet is fixedly connected to the outer side of the grounding rod, and the outer side of the elastic sheet is fixedly connected with a buckle. According to the utility model, the connection between the grounding rod and the mounting seat is still stable, the occurrence of a loosening condition can be effectively prevented, the anti-pulling capability of the cable is effectively increased, the service life of the connecting wire is prolonged, the grounding rod is ensured to maintain good electric contact under a dry condition, and the test accuracy is effectively improved.

A filter device includes a dielectric substrate, first and second ground electrodes connected to a ground terminal, and resonators between the ground electrodes and electromagnetically coupled to each other. The ground electrodes are at different positions in a normal direction of the dielectric substrate. Each of the resonators includes a first capacitor electrode partially overlapping with the first ground electrode in plan view of the dielectric substrate, a second capacitor electrode partially overlapping with the second ground electrode in plan view of the dielectric substrate, and a via connecting the capacitor electrodes. The resonators include a first resonator connected to an input terminal, a second resonator connected to an output terminal, and a third resonator between the first and second resonators. Shunt electrodes are connected to the via and the ground terminal in the first and second resonators, respectively.

A reflecting device includes a plurality of first patch electrodes, a plurality of second patch electrodes having a size different from a size of the first patch electrodes, a ground electrode opposing the plurality of first patch electrodes and the plurality of second patch electrodes and separated from the plurality of first patch electrodes and the plurality of second patch electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer between the plurality of first patch electrodes and the plurality of second patch electrodes and the ground electrode, wherein the plurality of first patch electrodes and the plurality of second patch electrodes are arranged alternately in a first direction or a second direction intersecting the first direction, and each first patch electrode is adjacent to each second patch electrode in the first direction or the second direction.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of water treatment, and discloses a double-circulation dielectric barrier discharge water treatment device which comprises a grounding electrode cooling tank, a water pump, a dielectric barrier discharge system, a high-voltage power supply, an internal circulation flowmeter, a fan, a water treatment tank, an air pressure balance tank, a freezing dryer, an external circulation flowmeter, an automatic air pressure supply valve, an oxygen tank and an aeration disc. The double-circulation dielectric barrier discharge water treatment device provided by the utility model can be used for treating various organic wastewater such as industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater and landfill leachate, and has the advantages of simple equipment, stable operation, low energy consumption, high treatment efficiency, no secondary pollution and the like.

The invention discloses a device for preparing a plasma activating solution on a large scale and application of the device in food sterilization. The device comprises a power supply, a gas supply system, a water tank and at least one mixed plasma reactor, the hybrid plasma reactor is arranged in the water tank and comprises a medium pipe, a rod-shaped grounding electrode, a first high-voltage electrode and a second high-voltage electrode; the rod-shaped grounding electrode, the first high-voltage electrode and the second high-voltage electrode are fixed in the dielectric tube; the first high-voltage electrode is a metal tube and sleeves the rod-shaped grounding electrode, and the rod-shaped grounding electrode is located in the center of the first high-voltage electrode; a dielectric layer is arranged on the inner surface of the first high-voltage electrode; the second high-voltage electrode is arranged below the first high-voltage electrode and sleeved outside the rod-shaped grounding electrode, and the rod-shaped grounding electrode is located at the center of the second high-voltage electrode. According to the invention, the variety and concentration of active ingredients in the plasma activating solution are improved, high-level food sterilization application is realized, and the device has spectral antibacterial property, is simple, energy-saving and extensible, and can be suitable for various food sterilization scenes.

The invention discloses a fan blade lightning protection design method and system based on fan grounding resistance, and the method comprises the steps: analyzing a set grounding impedance model, and selecting a most suitable grounding impedance model; designing a fan grounding device according to the most suitable grounding impedance model; optimizing the grounding electrode according to the soil resistivity; based on a target of efficiently guiding and transmitting thunder and lightning, determining materials of a fan blade, a lightning protection lightning arrester and a down lead; through setting a connection mode, the lightning protection lightning arrester, the downlead, the blade root and the fan grounding device are firmly connected in pairs; according to the parameters of the fan blade and the potential difference between the fan blade and the ground, the electric field intensity in the fan blade during lightning stroke is calculated; and optimizing and adjusting the fan blade according to the electric field intensity. The fan blade can be protected from being struck by thunder and lightning, and damage to equipment and personnel is reduced.

The invention provides a plasma coupling fluidized catalyst device which is characterized in that a first conical quartz tube is arranged in the middle of an inner medium tube, a first cylindrical quartz tube is arranged at the upper end of the inner medium tube, a second cylindrical quartz tube is arranged at the lower end of the inner medium tube, a high-voltage electrode covers the outer wall of the conical quartz tube, and an inner ground electrode is arranged in the inner medium tube; the inner ground electrode comprises a cylindrical metal rod and a conical metal rod, an air outlet is formed in the outer medium pipe, the outer ground electrode covers the outer wall of the outer medium pipe, and the bottom end air inlet device is arranged in the bottom end of the outer medium pipe. According to the invention, gas molecules are helped to reach a vibration excitation state, and conversion of the gas molecules is promoted. Compared with other dielectric barrier discharge devices, heat generated by discharge of the dielectric barrier discharge device is beneficial to activation of a catalyst, and an integrated air inlet device is used, so that all airflow is sprayed out through micro-inclined capillary micropores and acts on floating of the catalyst more accurately, and loss of air pressure is reduced. The device has low requirements on the material and temperature of the reactor, and realizes efficient conversion of the benzene ring-containing compound gas within a short time.

The invention belongs to the field of contaminated soil remediation and microplastic pollution treatment, and relates to a rotary coaxial DBD plasma treatment device for degrading microplastics in soil. The device comprises a DBD plasma reactor, a gas supply module, an electrode rotating mechanism and a control module, the DBD plasma reactor comprises an inner electrode, a dielectric layer and an outer layer ground electrode; the inner electrode and the outer-layer ground electrode are coaxially arranged, the dielectric layer is arranged between the inner electrode and the outer-layer ground electrode, a gap is reserved between the dielectric layer and the inner electrode, and the inner electrode and the outer-layer ground electrode are respectively connected with the electrode rotating mechanism; the appearance of the inner electrode is of a truncated cone structure, and the surface of the inner electrode is of a spiral structure evenly distributed in the axial direction. By adopting the device disclosed by the invention, the degradation uniformity and thoroughness of the fixed coaxial DBD reactor can be obviously improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of transformer substation grounding grid monitoring, and discloses a transformer substation main grounding grid real-time safety monitoring system based on multi-sensor fusion, which adopts a MySQL and InfluxDB mixed architecture through a dynamic association database module, and stores static data such as transformer substation position, grounding grid material and the like, and dynamic data such as soil parameters, corrosion rate and the like respectively; meanwhile, a soil parameter and sampling frequency dynamic mapping table is built in, and when it is recognized that the soil salinity is larger than 15 mS / cm or the pH is smaller than 5.5, a sampling frequency adjusting instruction can be sent to the sensor array module, and the automatic soil sample collecting device is started; the module also establishes a material corrosion digital twinborn model and a climate partition library, provides scene data for the scheme dynamic adaptation and operation and maintenance module, enables the scheme dynamic adaptation and operation and maintenance module to output an adaptive scene corrosion prevention scheme, calculates a grounding electrode replacement period according to a corrosion rate, constructs a dynamic association between a soil working condition and corrosion protection, and effectively improves the durability of a grounding grid.

The utility model relates to the technical field of universal grippers, and discloses a universal gripper for stud welding without a grounding electrode. Comprising a supporting block, a pressing block, a pressing arm, a cushion block, a lining, a first gasket, a first connecting piece, an SMC speed regulating valve, a second connecting piece, a powerful tightening cylinder, an air cylinder pressing arm, a third connecting piece, a fourth connecting piece, a second gasket, a fifth connecting piece, a sixth connecting piece, an octagonal pipe, a first insulating pin and a second insulating pin. And the first gasket is arranged between the pressing block and the pressing arm. According to the universal hand grab without the grounding electrode, the pressing block material is replaced, so that the space is not occupied; when in use, the pressing blocks on the grippers are better attached to a plate and a pipe, so that the conductivity is increased, the installation space of the grounding electrode is saved, more space is provided for optimizing the track, and the operation is convenient, time-saving and labor-saving.

A filter module includes a circuit board on or in which a ground electrode is provided, and a low pass filter on the circuit board. The low pass filter includes first and second inductors, and a capacitor. The first and second inductors are cumulatively connected to each other. Relationships of Lp+Lg−M≥0 and Lp−M<0 are satisfied, where Lp denotes an inductance of a path between a connection portion between the first and second inductors and a ground terminal, Lg denotes an inductance of a path between the ground terminal and the ground electrode, and M denotes a mutual inductance between the first and second inductors.

A liquid ejection head includes an actuator, a flow channel sheet, and a nozzle sheet, the actuator including an upper electrode, a lower electrode, a piezoelectric material, and a vibration membrane connected to a tip of the flow channel sheet, the piezoelectric material being disposed on the upper electrode, the piezoelectric material being disposed on the lower electrode, and the vibration membrane being disposed on the nozzle sheet. A pressure cavity is formed between the vibrating membrane and the flow channel piece, a nozzle opening is formed in the nozzle piece, the nozzle piece is connected to the bottom end of the flow channel piece, the nozzle opening is communicated with the pressure cavity, the top face and the bottom face of the piezoelectric material are connected to the upper electrode and the lower electrode respectively, and the piezoelectric material is arranged between the upper electrode and the lower electrode. The lower electrode is a common ground electrode, the lower electrode is connected to the top surface, back on to the pressure cavity, in the vibrating diaphragm, and the upper electrode is a signal electrode and corresponds to the pressure cavity. The preparation process is simple, the preparation stability of the liquid ejection head is improved, and the production cost is effectively reduced.

The invention discloses an ion beam current accelerating tube with double suppression and focusing functions and an ion implanter comprising the ion beam current accelerating tube, and the ion beam current accelerating tube comprises a high-voltage electrode assembly, a middle electrode assembly, a suppression electrode assembly and a ground electrode assembly which are sequentially arranged along the movement direction of an ion beam current, insulating rings are arranged between the middle electrode assembly and the high-voltage electrode assembly and between the middle electrode assembly and the ground electrode assembly, the suppression electrode assembly is connected to the center of the ground electrode assembly, and the suppression electrode assembly comprises a suppression electrode ring and a suppression permanent magnet which are arranged in sequence; the high-voltage electrode assembly, the intermediate electrode assembly, the suppression electrode assembly, the ground electrode assembly and the insulating ring are in sealed connection, so that a vacuum environment is formed in the ion beam current accelerating tube. The device has the advantages of being compact in structure, high in stability, beneficial to improving the production efficiency of SiC devices and the like, and ion beam focusing and secondary electron suppression can be well achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of power transmission line safety monitoring, discloses a power transmission line safety assessment method based on grounding electrode current, and aims to solve the problem of low assessment reliability caused by the fact that the prior art is susceptible to far-field interference and environmental factors, and the method comprises the following steps: synchronously collecting instantaneous current and potential signals of a target and a reference monitoring position; calculating respective original impedance spectrums; performing spatial difference on the target original impedance spectrum and the average reference impedance spectrum of the reference position to obtain a differential impedance spectrum to suppress common mode influence; carrying out time difference on the differential impedance spectrum and a dynamic health baseline spectrum based on real-time environmental parameter prediction to obtain a diagnosis residual spectrum so as to remove environmental changes; and finally, performing safety evaluation and fault diagnosis based on the diagnosis residual spectrum. According to the method, local fault features can be accurately extracted through space-time dual difference, the accuracy and anti-interference capability of evaluation are improved, and quantitative evaluation and graded early warning of health states and identification of specific fault modes can be realized.

The application provides a Y-shaped thin film lithium niobate electro-optical modulator and a manufacturing method. A lithium niobate layer on an electro-optical modulator chip is etched into a corresponding curved waveguide structure, and two curved waveguide structures are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the Y-shaped waveguide structure, so that the heights of two light paths are consistent. The curved waveguide structure reduces the space size required by the waveguide while ensuring the waveguide length. For the waveguide with the same length, a chip with a smaller length can be used for mounting. The signal electrode and the ground electrode are arranged on both sides of each straight waveguide in the curved waveguide structure, the optical signal in the waveguide is modulated, and the modulation requirement of the electro-optical modulator is realized.

The invention discloses a preparation method and structure of a tunable laser, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the surface layout of a substrate, and sequentially dividing the substrate into a front gain region, a front phase region, a common grating region, a rear phase region and a rear gain region; growing an active layer, manufacturing a butt-joint mask pattern in the gain region, etching to remove the active layer in the common grating region and the phase region, performing butt-joint growth of a passive layer, removing a mask, manufacturing a grating in the common grating region, and growing a cladding and an electric contact layer; manufacturing an inverted table shallow ridge waveguide structure, and etching an electrical isolation trench; and a cantilever arm structure is manufactured and formed in the common grating area, a titanium-platinum heating resistor, a grating electrode and a grounding electrode are manufactured, and the tunable laser is obtained after preparation of a P-surface electrode and an N-surface electrode is completed. The back-to-back double lasers share the thermal tuning grating, double-end light emitting and wavelength synchronous control are achieved, the cantilever arm structure of the grating ridge waveguide is manufactured, energy consumption of wavelength tuning is reduced, and a solution is provided for large-scale use of tunable light emitting chips in the future.

The invention, which belongs to the microwave communication field, discloses a multi-physics-field coupling high-Q-value magnetoacoustic resonator comprising a YIG film, a GGG film substrate, a grounding electrode and a microstrip line. The YIG film generates ferromagnetic resonance under the action of an external magnetic field, the magnetoelastic effect of a YIG material is coupled with a standing wave thickness acoustic mode in a YIG-GGG heterostructure, and the mode combines the broadband adjustable characteristic of a magnetic resonance mode and the high-quality factor (Q value) characteristic of an acoustic resonance mode, so that the magnetoacoustic resonator simultaneously meets the broadband adjustable characteristic and the high-Q value characteristic; in the process, the YIG film plays a role of a transducer, the mode of the heterogeneous film and the microstrip line is adopted, an air gap of a magnetic circuit can be reduced, the size of a bias magnetic circuit is greatly reduced, and therefore the resonator is miniaturized.

A filtered feedthrough comprises an insulator sealed in a ferrule opening. A terminal pin sealed in an insulator via hole has a first end that extends outwardly beyond an insulator device side. A filter capacitor adjacent to the insulator device side has a dielectric supporting interleaved active and ground electrode plates. A passageway extending through the dielectric has an internal metallization. An external metallization is on a terminated portion as opposed to an unterminated portion of the dielectric outer surface. The capacitor ground electrode plates extend to the external metallization at the terminated portion, but they do not extend to the unterminated outer surface portion. The outwardly extending terminal pin end is connected to the internal metallization in the dielectric passageway which in turn is connected to the active electrode plates. A conductive material connects the capacitor external metallization at the terminated dielectric outer surface portion to a system ground.

A cooling apparatus including an evaporator through which a refrigerant moves to absorb heat from a cooling target fluid that is a fluid to be cooled, wherein the evaporator includes a first evaporator module, a second evaporator module, a surface heating element extending along a plane perpendicular to a first direction and arranged between the first evaporator module and the second evaporator module, and a sensor module including a voltage electrode arranged between the first evaporator module and the second evaporator module and a ground electrode arranged to be spaced apart from the voltage electrode with any one of the first evaporator module and the second evaporator module between the ground electrode and the voltage electrode.