Overlaid frequency-domain reflection modulation is described. An apparatus is configured to shift a first order
harmonic, with respect to an associated transmission
signal, to a shifted frequency-domain position. The apparatus is configured to
encode, based on the shifted frequency-domain position, an information bit over time-domain modulated information to generate an overlaid modulation information bit. The apparatus is configured to transmit, for a
receiver and in accordance with a single
sideband reflection, the overlaid modulation information bit. Another apparatus is configured to receive, from a
transmitter and in accordance with a single
sideband reflection, an overlaid modulation information bit based on a shifted first order
harmonic, of an associated transmission
signal, at a shifted frequency-domain position. The apparatus is configured to decode, based on the shifted frequency-domain position for the shifted first order
harmonic, the overlaid modulation information bit in association with time-domain modulated information to generate an information bit.