A preparation method of a powdered acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber with high performance comprises steps of: dispersing of carbon nanotubes: adding carbon nanotubes and water in a high-speed disperser, and stirring to evenly disperse the carbon nanotubes; preparation of a rapid polymerization latex: adding water, acrylonitrile and an emulsifier into a polymerization kettle, after confirmation of no leakage, adding butadiene, a crosslinking agent, an initiator and a molecular weight regulator for polymerization; and when the conversion rate reaches a certain level, adding a terminator to obtain a fast polymerization acrylonitrile-butadiene latex; and condensation into a powder: adding the acrylonitrile-butadiene latex, water, carbon nanotubes, a separant, a flocculant and a coagulant into a coagulation tank; curing, washing, dehydrating and drying to obtain the powdered acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. The prepared acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber slurry has the following properties: pH of 7-10, Mooney viscosity of ML (1+4) 100 DEG C 60-110, structure gel of 75%-85%, and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber mechanical stability of less than 1.0%; and the powdered acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber has the following properties: powder particle size of 0.6-1.0 mm, acrylonitrile content of 40%-55%, ash content no more than 1.0, volatile matter no more than 1.0, and powdered ratio no less than 95%.