The invention belongs to the technical field of heat dissipation of energy storage systems, and discloses a battery heat dissipation structure, a battery cluster heat dissipation structure, a heat dissipation system and a heat dissipation method. The battery heat dissipation structure comprises an air inlet formed in one side wall of a battery module and an air outlet formed in the other side wall of the battery module, wherein one-way valves are arranged at the air inlet and the air outlet correspondingly, an exhaust pipeline is arranged on one side of the battery module, the air outlet is communicated with the exhaust pipeline, and a fan is arranged at the top of the exhaust pipeline. According to the invention, directional air flow of the module is realized, large-scale air flow in an area is avoided, the heat dissipation efficiency is improved, normal heat dissipation during battery operation is not influenced, and the problem that flue gas of battery thermal runaway is diffused to other connected modules is avoided.