The invention provides a method for detecting the three-dimensional texture morphology of an asphalt pavement. According to the method, the macroscopic texture morphology and the microcosmic texture morphology of the pavement can be obtained at the same time. On the basis of a traditional photometric stereo three-dimensional reconstruction technology, six illumination light sources are added, and a low-rank decomposition correction algorithm and a global integration algorithm are adopted to improve a two-step algorithm of normal vector solving and three-dimensional reconstruction, so that error interference is reduced, and test precision is improved. Six light sources are required to respectively and independently irradiate a test surface from six directions of a zenith angle of 45 degrees, an oblique angle of 0 degree, 60 degrees, 120 degrees, 180 degrees, 240 degrees and 300 degrees, and cameras fixed right above the test surface are adopted to respectively collect six road surface images under different illumination conditions. Compared with a traditional road surface texture morphology testing method, the method can remarkably improve the testing precision of the road surface texture morphology, and has the advantages of being rapid, accurate, high in repeatability and the like.