The invention provides a scaffold supporting structure and system, and relates to the field of building tools. The scaffold supporting structure comprises a first inclined supporting part, a second inclined supporting part and a lifting assembly, a support allowing a scaffold to be mounted is arranged on the first inclined supporting part, the first end of the first inclined supporting part is in pivot joint with the first end of the second inclined supporting part, a first clamping part is arranged at the first end of the lifting assembly, a second clamping part is arranged at the second end of the lifting assembly, the second end of the first inclined supporting part is in pivot joint with the first clamping part, and the second end of the second inclined supporting part in pivot joint with the second clamping part; and the lifting assembly drives the first clamping part and the second clamping part to move, so that the first clamping part is clamped on an upper layer edge beam, and the second clamping part is clamped on a lower layer edge seam. The scaffold supporting structure is rapid, easy and convenient to mount and demount, work such as reserving, pre-burying, hole opening and filling, steel wire rope oblique-pulling and open fire welding is omitted, and the overall erecting time of the cantilevered scaffold is saved.