90 results about "Protein precipitation" patented technology

The invention provides a method for separating extracellular vesicles from a milk source, which comprises the step of adding a dispersing agent before adding a precipitator into the milk source to precipitate casein so as to reduce the wrapping of protein precipitation on the extracellular vesicles and improve the yield of the extracellular vesicles, thereby obtaining a milk source extract rich in the extracellular vesicles.

The present disclosure provides methods for isolating nucleic acids from a sample, comprising: (a) contacting a sample, a lysate of the sample, a supernatant of the lysate, or a portion of the sample, the lysate or the supernatant with one or more first agents (e.g., protein precipitating agents) and one or more second agents (e.g., inhibitor removing agents) to generate a mixture, (b) separating the mixture of step (a) into a solid phase and a liquid phase, wherein the one or more second agents are primarily in the solid phase, and (c) isolating nucleic acids from the liquid phase of step (b). Compositions and kits useful in such methods are also disclosed. Further disclosed are methods, compositions and kits for preparing a lysate using a lytic reagent comprising one or more relatively mild chaotropic agents and one or more phosphates from a sample, especially a complex sample, such as a soil or stool sample.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological detection, in particular to a composition for protein precipitation, a protein precipitation agent containing the composition, a protein precipitation combined product, a detection kit and a preparation method and a detection method of a blood analysis sample. The composition for protein precipitation comprises zinc sulfate and ammonium acetate in a dosage ratio of (5-17) mg: (0.5-1) mmol. Compared with the prior art, the composition has the following beneficial effects that the zinc sulfate and the ammonium acetate are matched according to a specific proportion, so that the specific composition is formed, and hemoglobin in a blood sample can be effectively removed by taking the composition as a protein precipitation component.

The invention relates to the field of detection, in particular to a method for simultaneously detecting multiple fat-soluble vitamins, which comprises the following steps: (S.1) carrying out protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction on a sample to be detected to obtain an extract containing fat-soluble vitamins; (S.2) carrying out derivatization reaction on the extract by using a PTAD derivatization reagent; and (S.3) analyzing the derivatized product by adopting a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, wherein the detected target fat-soluble vitamins comprise vitamin A, vitamin E, 25-hydroxy vitamin D2, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin K1, vitamin K2 and vitamin K2. According to the application, PTAD is creatively adopted as a unified derivatization reagent, simultaneous and efficient derivatization of seven fat-soluble vitamins is successfully realized, the detection sensitivity of low-content targets, especially vitamin D, K2 and the like, is greatly improved, and the core problems of weak signal response and difficulty in accurate quantification are solved.

The invention discloses a purification method of cord blood mesenchymal stem cell source exosome, and relates to the technical field of bioengineering. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out pH regulation pretreatment on cell culture supernate through a technical path of combining gradient centrifugation and membrane filtration, and sequentially removing cell debris and large-particle impurities by adopting multi-stage differential centrifugation; then carrying out selective protein precipitation by utilizing polyethylene glycol with specific molecular weight, and realizing fine separation of the exosome by combining sucrose-meglumine diatrizoate density gradient centrifugation; and finally, terminal purification is completed under low-temperature and low-pressure conditions through a polyethersulfone membrane filtration system with an optimized pore size. According to the method, centrifugal parameters, reagent concentration and filtering conditions are precisely regulated and controlled, so that the particle size of the obtained exosome is intensively distributed in the range of 30-150nm, the protein purity reaches 95% or above, the recovery rate exceeds 85%, and the separation efficiency and quality of the exosome are remarkably improved.

This invention provides a method for the simultaneous and rapid detection of four oxidative stress-related biomarkers and its application. The detection method includes: (S1) pretreatment of samples using a protein precipitation extract to simultaneously extract four target compounds: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-isoprostaglandin F2β, 8-isoprostaglandin F2α, and acetyllysine, and preparing a test solution; the protein precipitation extract is a methanol-acetonitrile-perchloric acid mixed solution containing formic acid, wherein the volume ratio of methanol, acetonitrile, and perchloric acid is (8-10):(8-10):(0.5-1), and the volume concentration of formic acid is 0.1-0.5%; (S2) detection of the test solution and standard solution using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and matrix calibration using an internal standard method; plotting a standard curve with the peak area ratio of the target compound to the internal standard as the ordinate and the concentration as the abscissa; and calculating the concentration of the target compound in the test solution based on the standard curve.

The application relates to a component detection method of a cosmetic liquid and a permeability detection method of the cosmetic liquid, and the component detection method comprises the following steps: adding a protein precipitant to purify the cosmetic liquid; performing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on the purified cosmetic liquid to obtain chromatographic peak response values of nicotinamide, ascorbic acid and VC ethyl ether; wherein, the positive ion and the negative ion are alternately ionized in the mass spectrometry, and multiple reaction monitoring is performed on the nicotinamide, the ascorbic acid and the VC ethyl ether; and the concentrations of the nicotinamide, the ascorbic acid and the VC ethyl ether in the cosmetic liquid are obtained according to the chromatographic peak response values. The method improves the detection precision of low-concentration and multi-target component.

The application relates to an LC-MS / MS method for detecting neurotransmitter metabolites in a biological sample, comprising the following steps: S1, constructing a mass spectrum database containing neurotransmitter metabolites and isotope internal standards; S2, preparing a mixed standard solution containing neurotransmitter standards and drawing standard curves of each neurotransmitter metabolite standard; S3, extracting a biological sample by a protein precipitation method to obtain a sample solution to be detected; S4, separating the sample solution to be detected by using liquid chromatography, wherein a mobile phase A of the liquid chromatography is an aqueous solution containing ammonium fluoride and formic acid, and a mobile phase B is an organic phase containing formic acid; and S5, performing mass spectrum detection on the sample separated by the liquid chromatography. The method can realize baseline separation of 57 metabolites within 9 minutes.

The application provides a method for quantitatively detecting the concentration of dapsone in human plasma by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS). By optimizing the chromatography and mass spectrometry conditions, the detection specificity and sensitivity are improved. The protein precipitation pretreatment and rapid chromatography separation technology are adopted, the analysis time is shortened, the sampling amount is reduced, and the automation adaptability is good. The method can be used for efficient and accurate quantification, and is suitable for clinical pharmacokinetic research and treatment monitoring.

The invention provides a method for determining D-psicose in processed food and application of the method. The method specifically comprises the following steps: extracting a sample with warm water at 50-60 DEG C, precipitating protein by adopting a Carrez reagent, and removing interference impurities; chromatographic conditions are defined as follows: a calcium type strong cation exchange column is adopted, pure water containing 50 mg / L of EDTA-Ca is adopted as a mobile phase, the flow rate is 0.4-0.6 mL / min, and the column temperature is 80 DEG C. The result shows that the linear relation of the D-psicose is good in the concentration range of 1.0 mg / mL to 20.0 mg / mL, and the correlation coefficient is 0.999999; according to the method, the LOD is 0.002 g / 100g, and the LOQ is 0.005 g / 100g. Under the experimental conditions of standard addition before simulation processing, the average recovery rate of 18 matrixes including dairy products, bakery products and the like is 81.5-128.1%, and the RSD is less than 3.0%. The determination method provided by the invention is simple in pretreatment, high in sensitivity, strong in interference resistance and good in accuracy, effectively solves the ubiquitous problems of matrix wrapping, matrix interference, difficulty in isomer separation and the like when the D-psicose in the processed food is detected, can realize rapid and accurate detection of the D-psicose in all dosage forms of processed food, and has a wide prospect.

The invention discloses a compound stabilizer and a milk coffee beverage, and relates to the technical field of food additives, the compound stabilizer is used in the milk coffee beverage, and the compound stabilizer comprises the following components in parts by mass: 5-8 parts of an emulsifier, 1.2-2.5 parts of a thickener and 1.2-2.5 parts of phosphate. Meanwhile, the mass parts of the emulsifier, the thickening agent and the phosphate are controlled within the range, so that a stable beverage system can be formed after the compound stabilizer is added into the milk coffee beverage, and the aroma and taste stability of the milk coffee beverage after high-temperature sterilization and the system stability after high-temperature storage are improved; the quality problems of protein precipitation, water separation, product layering, oil slick and the like after the milk coffee beverage is placed for a long time are reduced, and the storage stability and consumption experience of the product are remarkably improved.

The invention provides a method for simultaneously detecting dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in urine, and belongs to the technical field of analysis detection and occupational health / environmental health. According to the method disclosed by the invention, a synergistic pretreatment strategy of acidic sample loading, WAX / reversed-phase mixed mode solid-phase extraction, water / low-proportion organic phase step-by-step leaching and ammonia-water-containing organic phase elution is adopted; a technical route of protein precipitation, acidification pH regulation, purification and enrichment by adopting WAX / reversed-phase mixed mode solid-phase extraction on a 96-well plate and stable isotope internal standard isotope dilution LC-MS / MS quantification is adopted, the method can effectively reduce the matrix effect and realize high-throughput analysis in a high-salinity urine matrix, the quantitation limits of DCEA and TCAA are not higher than 0.30 g / L and 0.20 g / L respectively, and the method has the advantages that the method is simple and convenient to operate, and the method is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. The method is suitable for biological monitoring and risk assessment of occupational and environmental low-level exposure crowds.

The invention relates to the technical field of food detection, discloses an efficient detection method for six sugar alcohol compounds in dairy products, and aims to solve the problems that in the prior art, dairy product protein precipitation and high-efficiency dissolution of strong-polarity sugar alcohol are difficult to consider at the same time, and toxic precipitants, high-temperature treatment or complex solid-phase extraction are often depended on. The problems of tedious operation, high equipment threshold and poor detection stability exist in the prior art, trichloroacetic acid with optimized concentration is used for constructing a water phase system, and dissolution of six sugar alcohols and preliminary precipitation of protein are synchronously realized; the high-protein matrix of the milk powder is supplemented with precise supplementary precipitation, and the liquid milk is simplified; a specific chromatographic column and gradient elution are combined, linear correlation is established by adopting an external standard method, synchronous detection of six sugar alcohols is completed, high-temperature and solid-phase extraction consumables are not needed, two matrixes of milk powder and liquid milk are adapted, the operation time is short, the detection recovery rate is high, the precision is excellent, the existing pain point is effectively solved, and the batch detection requirement of a conventional laboratory is met.

The present application relates to the technical field of plant extraction, and particularly relates to a preparation method of sweet tea extract and application thereof. The preparation method of the sweet tea extract comprises the following steps: extraction, concentration, fermentation, decolorization, cold precipitation and extraction. By controlling the alcohol concentration in the extraction step, the protein precipitation and the reduction of pectin substance precipitation are facilitated, and by combining with the step of air oxidation in the extraction process, the bitter and astringent taste of the prepared sweet tea extract in the prepared cigarette can be removed, and the yield of the sweet tea extract is greater than or equal to 90%.

The invention relates to the technical field of in-vitro detection, in particular to a sample pretreatment method and a method for detecting VK2 and VD in serum. According to the specific technical scheme, the method comprises the following steps: carrying out protein precipitation after carrying out enzymolysis on serum, taking supernate, mixing the supernate with activated magnetic beads, enabling the magnetic beads to adsorb a target object, finally eluting the magnetic beads adsorbed with the target object by using eluent, collecting the eluent, and detecting the eluent to obtain vitamin K2 (VK2) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (VD) at the same time. The problems that pretreatment operation is tedious, health is harmed and flux is low are solved by adopting an automatic magnetic bead method; the problems that detection equipment is expensive and difficult to popularize are solved by adapting to a conventional mass spectrum platform; the technical path is not only suitable for detection of vitamin K2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, but also provides a solution normal form with popularization value for detection of trace micromolecular markers which are difficult to popularize due to complex pretreatment or high equipment threshold.

The invention relates to the technical field of medicines, and discloses an application of a traditional Chinese medicine composition in serum neurotransmitter, which comprises the following steps: selecting 6-8 weeks old mice to establish a normal model, a chronic fatigue syndrome model and a functional dyspepsia model; the method comprises the following steps: sampling blood from mice of a normal model, a chronic fatigue syndrome model and a functional dyspepsia model to respectively obtain a normal blood sample, a CFS blood sample and an FD blood sample, and performing protein precipitation operation to obtain normal deproteinized supernatant, CFS deproteinized supernatant and FD deproteinized supernatant; separating by using a reversed-phase chromatographic column, and then carrying out mass spectrometric detection to respectively obtain a normal serum neurotransmitter mass spectrogram, a CFS serum neurotransmitter mass spectrogram and an FD serum neurotransmitter mass spectrogram; and carrying out concentration value calculation and rhythm fluctuation analysis to respectively obtain a neurotransmitter function index and a rhythm stability quantitative score. Therefore, the action mechanism of the serum neurotransmitter of the traditional Chinese medicine composition can be clearly and quantitatively represented.

The invention discloses a method for synchronously detecting L-asparagine monohydrate and L-alanyl-L-glutamine in an assisted reproduction culture solution. The L-asparagine monohydrate and the L-alanyl-L-glutamine in the assisted reproduction culture solution are used as a detection reagent. According to the method, a pretreatment mode of combining protein precipitation with diluted hydrochloric acid extraction is adopted, a target object is separated through ion exchange chromatography, and a ninhydrin post-column derivatization technology is adopted to establish an external standard method quantitative analysis system. The method has the following advantages: (1) synchronous and efficient separation and accurate quantification of two amino acid substances are realized; (2) methodology verification shows that good repeatability (RSD (Relative Standard Deviation) is 1.05) and high sensitivity (the detection results of L-asparagine monohydrate and L-alanyl-L-glutamine are 0.00038 mg / mL and 0.00036 mg / mL respectively); (3) the operation is simple and convenient, and the single analysis time is about 60 minutes; and (4) the recovery rate is stabilized in a range of 93%-105%. The method provides a reliable analysis means for quality control of the assisted reproduction culture solution, and is particularly suitable for quantitative determination of key amino acid components in the assisted reproduction culture solution.

This invention belongs to the field of medical materials, specifically relating to a patterned bio-barrier membrane with self-adhesive function and its preparation method. The preparation method includes: dissolving the adhesive matrix in a buffer solution, then adding reactive amino acids and a stabilizer to obtain a first mixture; adding ethanol and a hydrophobic agent to the first mixture, and stirring under heating conditions to obtain a second mixture; adding a thickener, a calcium supplement, and a reinforcing agent to the second mixture, continuing stirring, and then adding a protein precipitation reagent to precipitate the mixture, obtaining a hydrogel; covering a collagen membrane with a patterned porous mold, and adding the hydrogel to allow it to flow into the pores and solidify. This invention achieves precise adhesive loading through patterned design, combining advantages such as simple operation, reliable fixation, good biocompatibility, and high osteogenic efficiency, effectively solving the barrier membrane fixation problem in GBR technology, and is suitable for bone defect treatment in dental implant prosthesis restoration.

The utility model discloses a liquid treatment system which comprises a liquid working station, the liquid working station is provided with a working platform, the top end of the working platform is provided with a liquid transferring mechanical arm used for transferring liquid and a plate transferring mechanical arm used for transferring a pore plate, one end of the working platform is provided with a CO2 incubator, and the other end of the working platform is provided with a film sealing machine and a positive pressure module. The positive pressure module comprises a liftable base as well as a protein precipitation plate placing area and a sample receiving plate placing area which are positioned on the base, the protein precipitation plate placing area and the sample receiving plate placing area are respectively used for placing a protein precipitation plate and a sample receiving plate, and a pressurizing part is arranged at the top end of the protein precipitation plate placing area; a sample receiving plate placing area is arranged at the bottom end of the protein precipitation plate placing area and is used for collecting the to-be-analyzed liquid purified by the protein precipitation plate. According to the liquid treatment system disclosed by the utility model, the functions of sample adding, incubation, termination and solid-liquid separation are realized at the same time, and complicated liquid transfer operation is not needed.

The invention belongs to the technical field of health, clinical and medical related detection, and relates to a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection kit and a detection method for serum seleno-amino acid labeled on the basis of a mass spectrometry probe. The detection kit comprises a mass spectrum probe solution, a protein precipitant solution and a buffering agent solution, the mass spectrum probe is 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimido carbamic acid ester, and the mass spectrum probe is 2-aminoquinolyl-N- The buffer solution contains a seleno-amino acid isotope internal standard. According to the kit, a mass spectrum probe is used for labeling, a serum sample is subjected to protein precipitation and then mixed with the mass spectrum probe at room temperature, and simultaneous high-flux accurate quantification of multiple seleno-amino acids can be directly achieved through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in a conventional reversed-phase chromatography mode. The 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimido carbamate mass spectrum probe adopted in the kit disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high reaction activity, convenience in operation, high sensitivity and the like.

The application relates to a method for purifying umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, and relates to the technical field of bioengineering. The method combines gradient centrifugation and membrane filtration. First, the cell culture supernatant is pretreated by adjusting the pH, and cell debris and large-particle impurities are removed by multi-stage differential centrifugation. Then, selective protein precipitation is carried out by using polyethylene glycol with a specific molecular weight, and the exosomes are finely separated by sucrose-meglumine diatrizoate density gradient centrifugation. Finally, terminal purification is completed under low-temperature and low-pressure conditions by using a polyether sulfone membrane filtration system with optimized pore size. By precisely controlling the centrifugation parameters, reagent concentration and filtration conditions, the exosomes obtained by the method have a particle size concentrated in the range of 30-150 nm, a protein purity of more than 95%, and a recovery rate of more than 85%, and the separation efficiency and quality of the exosomes are significantly improved.

The invention discloses a method for extracting protein from human plasma for protein analysis, and relates to the technical field of plasma treatment, the key points of the technical scheme are as follows: the method effectively removes high-abundance protein, lipid and other interfering substances in the plasma through two steps of protein precipitation with acetone, degreasing and high-abundance protein removal; the method is suitable for subsequent protein identification and quantitative analysis. A stable and reliable method is provided for pretreatment of the plasma sample, a technical basis is provided for further use of protein in plasma for various medical analyses, and further development of the technology in the plasma detection field is facilitated.

The invention provides a method for simultaneously determining branched chain amino acids and metabolites thereof in serum based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and belongs to the technical field of chemical analysis. The method provided by the invention adopts a protein precipitation method, is simple to operate, does not need derivation and concentration, simplifies the pretreatment step, shortens the pretreatment time, and avoids the influence of complex pretreatment on the stability of a determination result. According to the method, the absolute signal and the absolute concentration are converted into the relative signal and the relative concentration by using an internal standard method, so that a calibration curve with strong anti-interference capability and high accuracy is constructed, accurate quantification of an unknown blood sample to be detected is finally realized, and the method has excellent accuracy and reproducibility.

The application relates to the technical field of medicines, and discloses application of a traditional Chinese medicine composition in serum neurotransmitters, which comprises the following steps: selecting 6-8-week-old mice to establish normal models, chronic fatigue syndrome models and functional dyspepsia models; blood sampling is conducted on the mice of the normal models, the chronic fatigue syndrome models and the functional dyspepsia models to obtain normal blood samples, CFS blood samples and FD blood samples respectively; protein precipitation operation is conducted to obtain normal deproteinized supernatants, CFS deproteinized supernatants and FD deproteinized supernatants; separation is conducted by using a reversed-phase chromatographic column, and then mass spectrometry is conducted to obtain normal serum neurotransmitter mass spectra, CFS serum neurotransmitter mass spectra and FD serum neurotransmitter mass spectra respectively; concentration value calculation and rhythm fluctuation analysis are conducted to obtain a neurotransmitter function index and rhythm stability quantitative score respectively. Therefore, the mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicine composition in serum neurotransmitters is clearly quantitatively characterized.

The application discloses a kind of HPLC-MSMS method for simultaneously determining valproic acid, olanzapine and its metabolites in plasma, which comprises the following steps: S1. pretreatment of plasma samples with acetonitrile protein precipitation method;S2. HPLC-MSMS method is used to detect plasma samples, and qualitative and / or quantitative analysis of valproic acid, olanzapine and its metabolites in plasma is carried out simultaneously;Wherein, Agilent Poroshell 120EC-C18 column is selected as the chromatographic column;Electrospray ion source is used, and the mobile phase is A phase: formic acid water, B phase: acetonitrile;By optimizing the conditions of liquid phase and mass spectrometry, valproic acid, olanzapine and its metabolites are simultaneously determined by one method.The method has been applied to detect plasma samples of olanzapine and valproic acid combination, and olanzapine alone, and the measured results all meet the linear range.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological pharmacy, and discloses a high-purity and high-activity von willebrand factor preparation process which comprises the following steps: S1, carrying out gradient centrifugal treatment on fresh plasma, namely selecting the fresh plasma, carrying out centrifugal treatment, and collecting secondary supernate rich in von willebrand factors; the collected secondary supernatant passes through an immunoaffinity chromatography column coupled with an anti-von willebrand factor antibody, S3, mild elution and ultrafiltration concentration, S4, gel filtration chromatography secondary purification, and S5, protective agent addition and preparation forming. According to the method, the rotating speed and time of secondary centrifugation are dynamically adjusted by combining protein concentration and turbidity through a centrifugal parameter self-adaptive optimization algorithm, impure protein precipitation is reduced, the relative content of vWF in secondary supernate is increased by 15%-20%, then two-stage purification of specific monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography is carried out, the purity of vWF is stabilized at 98.2%-98.6%, the difference between batches is smaller than or equal to 2.4%, and the quality of vWF is improved. The process is obviously superior to the traditional process.

This application discloses a protein-containing clarified liquid treatment system, relating to the field of ethanol preparation, comprising: a protein precipitation tank, into which a protein-containing clarified liquid enters for precipitation to obtain protein precipitate and a first clarified liquid; a preheater, into which the first clarified liquid enters for preheating to obtain a second clarified liquid; a pipeline mixer, into which the second clarified liquid enters and mixes with an antifoaming agent to eliminate foam in the second clarified liquid to obtain a third clarified liquid; a gas-liquid separator, used to discharge gas from the third clarified liquid to obtain a fourth clarified liquid; a protein separation tower, used to perform a primary separation of proteins in the third clarified liquid to obtain a fourth clarified liquid; a separator, used to perform a secondary separation of proteins in the fourth clarified liquid to obtain a fifth clarified liquid; and a protein separation tank, into which the fifth clarified liquid enters for precipitation to obtain the target liquid. This system effectively removes protein from the clarified liquid.

The invention discloses a pretreatment method of a protein easy-to-degrade sample, which comprises the following steps: cracking protein in a pancreas sample by using an SDC solution, immediately heating in a metal bath at 100 DEG C for 10 minutes, cooling, and directly adding trypsin into the protein solution to carry out enzymolysis on the protein. The pretreatment method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the SDC solution can be used for splitting the protein in the sample, and the enzymatic activity of trypsin in the SDC solution is not influenced, so that protein precipitation is not needed during proteolysis, the sample pretreatment time is greatly shortened, and the degradation risk possibly existing in the protein precipitation process of the sample is reduced; secondly, after the protein is split by the SDC solution, the protein solution is subjected to heating treatment at 100 DEG C, and the operation also reduces the enzymatic activity of the protease in the pancreas sample to a certain extent.

This invention discloses a centrifugal microfluidic chip and a nucleic acid extraction method, specifically relating to the field of nucleic acid extraction technology. The method includes a pretreatment filtration module and a nucleic acid extraction and purification module. The sample solution undergoes primary and secondary filtration in the pretreatment filtration module to remove particulate impurities and protein precipitates, obtaining a clear sample supernatant. Nucleic acids in the supernatant are captured by a silica membrane in the nucleic acid extraction and purification module. Subsequently, a first washing solution and a second washing solution flow sequentially through the silica membrane to wash the adsorbed nucleic acids, removing residual impurities and reaction inhibitors. Finally, the eluent flows through the silica membrane, carrying the nucleic acids into the nucleic acid collection chamber, thereby obtaining the purified nucleic acid sample. This invention features a simple structure and reliable control, enabling sequential control of liquids in multiple chambers, effectively removing impurities and inhibitors from the sample, improving nucleic acid extraction efficiency and purity, and achieving a high degree of integration and automation in the nucleic acid extraction process for soil samples.