309 results about "Voltage gradient" patented technology

A subcutaneous cardiac device includes two electrodes and a stimulator that generates a pulse to the electrodes. The electrodes are implanted between the skin and the rib cage of the patient and are adapted to generate an electric field corresponding to the pulse, the electric field having a substantially uniform voltage gradient as it passes through the heart. The shapes, sizes, positions and structures of the electrodes are selected to optimize the voltage gradient of the electric field, and to minimize the energy dissipated by the electric field outside the heart. More specifically, the electrodes have contact surfaces that contact the patient tissues, said contact surfaces having a total contact area of less than 100 cm². In one embodiment, one or both electrodes are physically separated from the stimulator. In another embodiment a unitary housing holds the both electrodes and the stimulator. Sensor circuitry may also includes in the stimulator for detecting intrinsic cardiac activity through the same electrodes.

Resistive touchscreen system has a substrate with a first conductive coating having a first resistance and a coversheet with a second conductive coating having a second resistance. The substrate and coversheet are positioned proximate each other such that the first conductive coating faces the second conductive coating. The substrate and coversheet are electrically disconnected with respect to each other in the absence of a touch. First and second sets of electrodes for establishing voltage gradients in first and second directions are formed on the substrate and the coversheet, respectively. A controller biases the first and second sets of electrodes in two different cycles. The controller senses a bias current associated with at least one of the first and second resistances. The bias current has a reference value associated with no touch. An increase in the bias current relative to the reference value indicates two simultaneous touches.

The invention solves the problem of artifact ghost peaks which can sometimes arise in mass spectrometers that employ a quadrupole rod set for both trapping and mass analyzing the trapped ions. The problem arises as a result of randomly distributed voltage gradients along the length of the rods. Three solutions are presented. The first approach involves improving the conduction characteristics of the rod sets. The second approach involves the application of at least one continuous axial DC field to the trapping quadrupole rod set in order to urge ions towards a pre-determined region of the trap, thereby avoiding voltage gradients. The third approach involves the application of one or more discrete axial fields to create one or more potential barriers along the axial dimension of the trap (in addition to the barriers used to initially trap the ions). These barriers prevent ions of differing voltage gradients from equilibrating with one another.

An improved planar magnetic structure in which the voltage gradient between core and windings is reduced by shields disposed between the one or more legs of the core and the windings and extending through the PWB layers; vias are offset to permit them to be contained within the path of the winding; and the induced magnetic and eddy currents intrinsic to interstitial shield layers are reduced by configuring the shield conductors with pairs of courses with opposite and offsetting current propagation.

A method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces or within stratified euxinic water-columns is provided. Natural voltage gradients typically exist at and about sediment-water interfaces or in isolated water bodies. One electrode (anode) is positioned in the sediment or water just below the redox boundary and the other electrode (cathode) is positioned in the water above the redox boundary over the first electrode. The anode is lower in voltage than the cathode. Current will flow when the electrodes are connected through a load, and near-perpetual generating of worthwhile power may be sustained by the net oxidation of organic matter catalyzed by microorganisms.

Apparatus for monitoring an electrical power supply system of a vehicle, the vehicle having a battery and internal combustion engine, an alternator, and a starter. The apparatus has a filter for determining the battery terminal voltage when the vehicle ignition is turned on. There is also a voltage gradient detector for detecting phase and gradient change of the battery terminal voltage when the vehicle ignition is on. A waveform detector is used for detecting and separating different waveforms when the vehicle ignition is on, and an engine-rotating sensor is used to sense a speed of the internal combustion engine when the vehicle ignition is on. Also included is a processor for processing at least one of the battery terminal voltage, the phase and gradient change, the different waveforms, and the speed of the internal combustion engine. An output is provided that is indicative of a condition of the electrical power supply system. A system for monitoring an electrical power supply system of a vehicle is also disclosed.

A device to facilitate electrophysiological measurements of a biological material comprises a plate having a plurality of wells that each have an end. At least some of the wells have a hole formed in the end, and the holes are configured to receive an individual cell such that a high resistance seal is formed between the cell and the end. A chamber is disposed adjacent the plate and is in fluid communication with each of the holes. A common electrode is disposed in the chamber, and a plurality of well electrodes are configured to be positioned within the wells. In this way, a voltage gradient may be created across cell membranes of cells that are positioned within the holes so that electrophysiological measurements of the cells may be taken.

The present invention is directed to touch sensors with arrays of thin-film conductive polymer switches (e.g., diodes or transistors) that can be used to selectively apply voltage gradients across a resistive touch region of the touch sensor substrate. Touches on the touch sensor can then be sensed by measuring the voltage at the touch location on the resistive touch region.

An electric fish barrier for deterring fish from entering a water intake in a reservoir or along a waterway has a set of conductive members at a first voltage potential and a second set of conductive members at a second voltage potential. The conductive members are disposed on support piles extending up from the bottom of the reservoir. Each conductive member extends vertically between a pre-determined range of depths from an upper depth to a lower depth, forming a contiguous voltage gradient between the two sets of conductive members. Fish are drawn to the attraction flow of water flowing into the intake. The two sets of conductive members are oriented such that the attraction flow passes through the contiguous voltage gradient, thereby deterring the fish from following the attraction flow into the water intake.

The present invention is directed to touch sensors with arrays of switches (e.g., diodes or transistors) that can be used to selectively apply voltage gradients across a resistive touch regions of the touch sensor substrate. Touches on the touch sensor can then be sensed by measuring the voltage at the touch location on the resistive touch region. The switch arrays take the form of strips of switches that can be cut from a prefabricated reel or a sheet and applied to the touchscreen substrate.

The invention relates to a method for removing heavy metal in sludge from municipal sewage plant by using emerging electrokinetic remediation (ERT) green technology, belonging to the technology field of environmental protection. The method comprises the steps of: building an ERT device; and loading the pre-treated sludge from municipal sewage plant into a sludge bed, and performing electrokinetic treatment at a bed body voltage gradient of 1.2-1.3 V/cm while maintaining pH of electrolyte at 6-8 and employing poly epoxy succinic acid (PESA) as complexing agent for enhancing electromigration capability of heavy metal. The mean removal rate of the heavy metal is over 60% during the electrokinetic process. The Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd contents in the treated sludge completely satisfy the sludge agricultural application national standard (GB4284-84). The inventive method has the advantages of simple process, short treatment period, good treatment effect, and low treatment cost; and will take an important role in harmless and resource treatment of municipal sludge, especially industrial sludge in the future.

Methods and apparatus are presented that facilitate electrophoresis of prior-cast, hydratable separation media, usefully immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips. The method exploits the swelling of prior-cast, hydratable separation media upon rehydration to help lodge the media in an enclosing member that permits spaced electrical communication with the enclosed separation media. The electrical communication permits a voltage gradient to be established in the enclosed separation medium sufficient to effect separation of analytes therein. Cassettes, buffer cores, electrophoresis systems and kits are presented for effecting the methods of the invention.

A charged particle beam system for imaging and processing targets is disclosed, comprising a charged particle column, a secondary particle detector, and a secondary particle detection grid assembly between the target and detector. In one embodiment, the grid assembly comprises a multiplicity of grids, each with a separate bias voltage, wherein the electric field between the target and the grids may be adjusted using the grid voltages to optimize the spatial distribution of secondary particles reaching the detector. Since detector lifetime is determined by the total dose accumulated at the area on the detector receiving the largest dose, detector lifetime can be increased by making the dose into the detector more spatially uniform. A single resistive grid assembly with a radial voltage gradient may replace the separate grids. A multiplicity of deflector electrodes may be located between the target and grid to enhance shaping of the electric field.

A device for characterizing ex vivo tissue employs a set of independent electrodes that may be used to scan the tissue by moving a voltage gradient across the tissue surface acquiring impedance spectrographs that may be mapped to an image.

The invention relates to an arc net off-line electric arc mathematical model for calculating the train speed. According to the site operation measured data that a high speed railway arc net off-line electric arc changes along with the train speed and the maximum off-line distance, and in accordance with the Habedank electric arc model, the voltage gradient constant and the wasted power constant of the electric arc model are revised, the electric arc dynamic mathematical model which is simple, effective and applicable to an arc net system is established, and the influence of different model parameter values on the dynamic property of the arc net electric arc model is analyzed in details. The proposed arc net electric arc model is introduced into an off-line process, and when the arc net is subjected to middle off-line, the off-line overvoltage of the arc net at different train speeds is simulated and analyzed; in addition, when the arc net is subjected to small off-line, the simulation result and the measured result of an arc net electric arc testing system are compared so as to verify the correctness of the established arc net electric arc mathematical model. The invention provides an effective tool for simulation study of the electrified railway arc net off-line electric arc and the transient process of the electrified railway arc net off-line electric arc and the transient process.

A mercury-free metal halide lamp with a light efficiency of at least 70 Im/W and a color rendering index of at least 80 has a ceramic discharge vessel, into which electrodes are introduced in a vacuum-tight manner. The fill comprises the following components: an inert gas which acts as buffer gas, a compound of a halogen X with at least one of the metals hafnium and/or zirconium (referred to below as metal halide HZM), this halide being referred to below as HZH for short, HZH simultaneously performing tasks of voltage gradient formation and of promoting the cycle, a light generator comprising at least a further metal halide, at least one further metal halide MYn which vaporizes readily and is used as voltage gradient generator, the specific molar content of HZH being greater than or equal to 3 mumol/cm3. In addition, the following relationship applies: 5<=(X+Y)/HZM<=15, resulting in a lamp service life of more than 5000 hours.

The invention relates to an open-circuit fault diagnosis method for an MMC power device, and belongs to the technical field of large-power converter reliability. The method comprises a fault detection step and a fault locating step. During fault detection, a method based on an increment prediction model is used to detect whether an open-circuit fault occurs in the power device of a sub-module; and during fault location after occurrence of the fault, a method by comparing a capacitive voltage gradient of a sub-module is used to locate the sub-module with the fault. According to the method, influence of interference, sampling error and inaccurate model parameters on a diagnosis result is avoided, sub-module faults can be detected and located accurately rapidly within 4ms under different load conditions without adjustment of thresholds, and the capacitive voltage of the sub-module after faults is not increased.

The invention discloses a high voltage gradient zinc oxide based varistor material and a preparation method thereof and aims at mainly solving the problems of uneven doping, large energy consumption and low efficiency in the prior art. The high voltage gradient zinc oxide based varistor material is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 86.0-96.0 percent of ZnO, 1.0-5.0 percent of Bi2O3, 0.1-0.6 percent of Pr2O3/La2O3, 0.5-3.0 percent of Sb2O3, 0.5-1.8 percent of Co2O3, 0.05-1.0 percent of Ni2O3, 0.5-1.0 percent of MnCO3/MnO2, 0.5-1.0 percent of Cr2O3, 0.02-0.3 percent of Al2O3, 0.5-2.0 percent of Y2O3, 0.05-1.0 percent of B2O3 and 0.03-0.08 percent of MgO. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing a composite dopant by virtue of a chemical coprecipitation method, and carrying out a high energy ball milling method on ZnO and the prepared composite dopant to prepare zinc oxide based composite powder. The high voltage gradient zinc oxide based varistor material can be widely used for varistor components in the field of power systems, high-speed railways and the like and is capable of obviously lowering the weights, the volumes and the production costs of the varistor components.

The present application provides a bipolar x-ray tube module. The bipolar x-ray tube module may include a bipolar x-ray tube and at least two voltage multipliers. The voltage multipliers may be positioned such that the voltage gradient of the first voltage multiplier is substantially parallel to the second voltage multiplier in order to provide a compact configuration.

A shock detector having an electrical detector having a set of water immersible electrodes for detecting hazardous water conditions through the determination of the presence of either an electrical current in a body of water, a voltage in the body of water or a voltage gradient in the body of water and then providing an alert to the existence of hazardous electrical conditions in the body of water which in some cases may transmitted to a power source to shut off a power source thereby removing the hazardous water condition.