294 results about "Number density" patented technology

A plasma processing apparatus includes a vacuum chamber, a sample table that places the sample in the vacuum chamber, and a gas supply unit faced to the sample table and having a gas supply surface with a diameter larger than that of the sample, wherein gas injection holes each having identical diameter are provided concentrically on the gas supply surface, a hole number density of the gas injection holes present in an outer diameter position of the sample or in an outside of the outer diameter position is made higher than that of the gas injection holes present inside the outer diameter position of the sample, and a diameter of the gas injection holes present in the outer diameter position of the sample or in the outside from the outer diameter position is larger than that of the gas injection holes present inside the diameter of the sample.

Provided is a spot welded joint (10) which includes at least one thin steel plate with a tensile strength of 750 MPa to 1850 MPa and a carbon equivalent Ceq of equal to or more than 0.22 mass % to 0.55 mass % and in which a nugget (3) is formed in an interface of the thin steel plates (1A, 1B). In a nugget outer layer zone, a microstructure consists of a dendrite structure in which an average value of arm intervals is equal to or less than 12 μm, an average grain diameter of carbides contained in the microstructure is 5 nm to 100 nm, and a number density of carbides is equal to or more than 2×10⁶/mm².

A method for characterizing fracture planes generated during a hydraulic fracturing process, comprises receiving microseismic data from the hydraulic fracturing process and processing a microseismic event cloud from the received microseismic data. This is followed by determining at least one reservoir geometry from the microseismic event cloud. The determination of geometry may consist of determining multiple candidate geometries and probability of each. In some forms of the invention the method may comprise postulating a set of candidate geometries with differing numbers of fracture planes, determining the most probable locations of the postulated fracture planes in each member of the set of candidate geometries and also determining relative probabilities of the candidate geometries in the postulated set. Determining a location of a fracture plane may comprise calculating a number density for each microseismic event, dependent on distance from some possible location of a fracture plane or fracture network. Finding the location of a plane may then be finding the location for which the number density is greatest. The determination of reservoir geometry may be followed by determination of the area of the fracture planes and/or by a prediction of production.

A heat-treated high-strength Al—Cu—Mg—Si aluminum alloy product exhibits excellent extrudability and high strength. The high-strength Al—Cu—Mg—Si aluminum alloy product obtained by extrusion is characterized in that the microstructure of the entire surface of the cross section of the aluminum alloy product is formed of recrystallized grains, the grains have an average aspect ratio (L/t) of 5.0 or less (wherein L is the average size of the grains in the extrusion direction, and t is the average thickness of the grains), and the orientation density of the grains in the microstructure, for which the normal direction to the {001} plane is parallel to the extrusion direction in comparison with the grains orientated to random orientations, is 50 or less. The high-strength Al—Cu—Mg—Si aluminum alloy product obtained by extrusion and cold working is characterized in that rod-shaped precipitates are arranged in the grains of the matrix in the <100> direction, the precipitates have an average length of 10 to 70 nm and a maximum length of 120 nm or less, and the number density of the precipitates in the [001] direction measured from the (001) plane is 500 or more per square micrometer.

An aluminum alloy sheet of specific Al-Mg-Si composition, which, owing to preliminary aging treatment under adequate conditions, has a specific metallographic structure in which there are a large number of clusters of specific size (each being an aggregate of atoms) expressed in terms of number density, which, when observed under a transmission electron microscope of 1,000,000 magnifications, appear as dark contrast in the bright field image. It is superior in paint baking hardenability and is invulnerable to room temperature aging during storage for a comparatively long period of 1 to 4 months.

Methods for producing nanoparticle thin films are disclosed. According to one of the methods, a nanoparticle thin film is produced by modifying the surface of nanoparticles to allow the nanoparticles to be charged, controlling an electrostatic attractive force between the charged nanoparticles and a substrate and a repulsive force between the individual nanoparticles by a variation in pH to control the number density of the nanoparticles arranged on the substrate.

Electrochemical etching tailors topography of a nanocrystalline or amorphous metal or alloy, which may be produced by any method including, by electrochemical deposition. Common etching methods can be used. Topography can be controlled by varying parameters that produce the item or the etching parameters or both. The nanocrystalline article has a surface comprising at least two elements, at least one of which is metal, and one of which is more electrochemically active than the others. The active element has a definite spatial distribution in the workpiece, which bears a predecessor spatial relationship to the specified topography. Etching removes a portion of the active element preferentially, to achieve the specified topography. Control is possible regarding: roughness, color, particularly along a spectrum from silver through grey to black, reflectivity and the presence, distribution and number density of pits and channels, as well as their depth, width, size. Processing parameters that have been correlated in the Ni—W system to topography features include, for both the deposition phase and the etching phase of a nanocrystalline surface: duty cycle, current density, deposition duration, plating chemistry, polarity ratio. The relative influence of the processing parameters can be noted and correlated to establish a relationship between values for processing parameters and degree of topography feature. Control can be established over the topography features. Correlation can be made for any such system that exhibits a definite spatial distribution of an active element that bears a predecessor spatial relationship to a desired topography feature.

The present invention provides a fine-particle counter with which the number density of nanometer-sized fine particles born in a gas phase, which is extremely low, can be accurately measured under wide-ranging pressure conditions from pressurized conditions to low-pressure conditions.

After contact-mixing, in a mixer 3, saturated vapor of a high-boiling-point solvent produced in a saturator 2, a component of a condensed nucleus detector 1, with nanometer-sized fine gas-born particles, condensed droplets of the saturated vapor whose nuclii are the fine particles are produced in a condenser 4 by heterogeneous nucleation. The number of the condensed droplets per unit of time is then counted with an optical detector 5 and is output as a pulse signal, and a computer 19 computes the number density of the nanometer-sized fine particles born in the aerosol from this pulse signal, the gas flow rates controlled by the flow meters 6, 12 and 10, and the other data that are transmitted to the computer 19 via an interface 18. The internal space of the mixer 3 has a narrowest passage having a circular cross section, situated in the center between the lower end of the mixer from which the carrier gas enters and the upper end of the mixer from which the carrier gas exits, a truncated-cone-shaped part whose cross section is circular and whose diameter gradually decreases so that the diameter on the lower end side is greater than the diameter on the narrowest passage side, and a reverse-truncated-cone-shaped part whose cross section is circular and whose diameter gradually increases so that the diameter on the narrowest passage side is smaller than the diameter on the upper end side. An aerosol inlet communicating with the aerosol inlet tube 8 is positioned at the narrowest passage.

The invention provides a method for optimizing laser radar detection atmospheric composition spectral line analysis, through building of an IPDA laser radar equation of hard target reflection, calculation of difference optical thickness of two pulses and CO2 air column mixing rate XCO2 with a weight, single spectral line broadening calculation, absorption cross section calculation, CO2 absorption optical thickness calculation, a weight function profile and a CO2 molecule number density profile, weight function-optimized spectral lines are obtained. The spectral lines obtained by the method have a higher lower-atmosphere weight ratio, and detection is closer to a true value.

A composite film for a superstrate solar cell or a substrate solar cell has a transparent conductive film and a conductive reflective film, wherein the transparent conductive film is formed by using a wet coating method to apply a transparent conductive film composition or dispersion containing microparticles of a conductive oxide, the conductive reflective film is formed by using a wet coating method to apply a conductive reflective film composition containing metal nanoparticles, the average diameter of holes occurring at the contact surface of the conductive reflective film on either the side of the photovoltaic layer or the side of the transparent conductive film is not more than 100 nm, the average depth at which the holes are positioned is not more than 100 nm, and the number density of the holes is not more than 30 holes/μm².

A liquid crystal display panel includes two substrates fixed together by a seal member with their main surfaces opposed to each other, liquid crystal sealingly stored in a region surrounded by the two substrates and the seal member, and a plurality of columnar spacers arranged in a region surrounded by the two substrates and the seal member. A number density of the columnar spacers in a low-density region near the inner side of the seal member is smaller than that in a high-density region inside the low-density region. The substrate with the spacer has the substrate and the spacer formed on the substrate. The spacer has at least a first spacer portion, and a second spacer portion formed above the first spacer portion. An upper portion of the first spacer has a larger diameter than a bottom of the second spacer portion.

Disclosed is a cold-rolled steel sheet having a specific steel composition and having a composite steel structure including a ferrite structure and a martensite-containing second phase. In a surface region of the steel sheet from the surface to a depth one-tenth the gage, the number density of n-ary groups of inclusions determined by specific n-th determinations is 120 or less per 100 cm² of a rolling plane, in which the distance in steel sheet rolling direction between outermost surfaces of two outermost particles of the group of inclusions is 80 μm or more. Also disclosed is a cold-rolled steel sheet having a specific steel composition and having a steel structure of a martensite single-phase structure. In the surface region, the number density of groups of inclusions, in which the distance between the outermost surfaces is 100 μm or more, is 120 or less per 100 cm² of a rolling plane.

An optical element comprises an organic resin and bubbles distributed to have a number density increasing from a first plane of the optical element toward a second plane of the optical element, where a diameter of the bubbles is less than or equal to a wavelength of light which enters the optical element. At least one of the first plane and the second plane may have an uneven structure.

A method of producing an aluminum alloy brazing sheet which has a clad of a sacrificial anode material/a core alloy/an intermediate material/a filler alloy, each of which has a specific composition, wherein number density ratios N 1 /N 2 and N 1 /N 3 each are 1.5 or more, in which a number density ((the number of grains)/[mu]m 3 ) of an intermetallic compound having a sphere-equivalent grain diameter of 0.1 [mu]m or less present in the core alloy, the intermediate material, and the sacrificial anode material, is represented by N 1 , N 2 , and N 3 , respectively.

The invention relates to a tomography method of using the limb sounding data for inverting atmospheric ozone profiles. The method comprises the following steps: respectively calculating the intersections between the gaze vector and the atmospheric grid radial and vertical boundary and atmospheric layer horizontal boundary, merging two types of intersections, then calculating the distance between adjacent intersections to obtain intercept; applying the tomography method in a correlate equation about volume emissivity and radiance, using the square iterative reconstruction technology to obtain the inverse iteration model of the volume emissivity, calculating the volume emissivity; and finally using an oxozone photochemical model to connect the volume emissivity with the ozone number density, and selecting the Newton iteration method to invert the ozone profiles.

A non-oriented electrical steel sheet is characterized in that the number density of inclusions with an equivalent volume diameter of less than 100 nm contained in the steel sheet is 1×10¹⁰ [/mm³] or less, and that the steel sheet contains, by mass%, C: up to 0.01%, Si: 0.1% to 7.0%, Al: 0.1% to 3.0%, Mn: 0.1% to 2.0%, REM: 0.0003% to 0.05%, Ti: up to 0.02%, S: up to 0.005%, and N: up to 0.005%, the balance Fe and inevitable impurities and the mass % of Al represented by [All and the mass % of Ti represented by [Ti] satisfy the equation loq([Ti]×[N])−1.19×loq([Al]×[N])+1.84>0 . . . (1).

A nonoriented magnetic steel sheet which has a chemical composition in mass % wherein contents of Si and Mn are 0.1 to 1.2 % and 0.005 to 0.30 %, respectively, and the contents of C, Sol.Al and N are limited to 0.0050 % or less, 0.0004 % or less, and 0.0030 % or less, respectively, all including 0 %, and has a number density of grain growth inhibiting ductile non-metallic inclusions dispersed in the steel sheet of 1000 pieces/cm<2> or less including 0, wherein a grain growth inhibiting ductile non-metallic inclusion means an inclusion contained in a steel sheet having been subjected to finishing annealing which has a length of 3 x D to 9 x D, D representing an average particle diameter of re-crystallized grains in the steel sheet. The nonoriented magnetic steel sheet allows the production, from one steel sheet, of a rotor material exhibiting a high magnetic flux density and a high strength and a stator material exhibiting a high magnetic flux density and a low iron loss after it is subjected to strain removing annealing.

The present invention inexpensively provides with high productivity and good yield a steel rod superior in drawability and a steel wire superior in twistability using the same as a material, that is, draws a high strength steel rod superior in ductility where the chemical components contain C: 0.80 to 1.20%, Si: 0.1 to 1.5%, Mn: 0.1 to 1.0%, Al: 0.01% or less, Ti: 0.01% or less, one or both of W: 0.005 to 0.2% and Mo: 0.003 to 0.2%, N: 10 to 30 ppm, B: 4 to 30 ppm (of which, solute B is 3 ppm or more), and O: 10 to 40 ppm, which has a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, has an area percentage of pearlite structures of 97% or more, has a balance of non-pearlite structures, and has a total of the area percentage of the non-pearlite structures and the area percentage of the coarse pearlite structures of 15% or less, to obtain high strength steel wire superior in ductility having a tensile strength of 3600 MPa or more and a number density of voids of lengths of 5 μm or more at the center of 100/mm² or less

A cold-rolled steel sheet has a chemical composition of C: 0.12% to 0.3%, Si: 0.5% or less, Mn: less than 1.5%, Al: 0.15% or less, N: 0.01% or less, P: 0.02% or less, and S: 0.01% or less, with the remainder including iron and inevitable impurities and has a martensite single-phase structure as its steel microstructure. In a surface region of the steel sheet from the surface to a depth one-tenth the gauge, the number density of n-ary groups of inclusions determined by specific n-th determinations is 120 or less per 100 cm² of a rolling plane, where the distance in steel sheet rolling direction between outermost surfaces of two outermost particles of the group of inclusions is 100 μm or more. The steel sheet is a high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet which has a sufficiently minimized rate of bending fracture starting from inclusions and thereby has excellent bending workability.