42results about How to "Give full play to the supporting role" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field for the engineering of large-section tunnel, in particular to an engineering method for the double lateral tunnel of a three-arc tunnel on soft and weak geological condition, which resolves the problem of longer duration for the exposure of wall rock, easy deformation of tunnel and poor waterproof effect in existing tunnel engineering method. The invention comprises: (1) excavation of lateral tunnel; (2) lining of later tunnel: first of all, dismantle the primary support of the whole section, then pour the arc invert secondary lining and arc section secondary lining with the construction joint being configured at the lower section of the middle wall for the lateral tunnel; (3) after the circular lining a left lateral tunnel I and a right lateral tunnel II on a same section, excavate and line a middle tunnel III. This method realizes simple equipment and convenient engineering; with the construction sequence of building the lateral tunnel and then the middle tunnel, the invention gives full play to the supporting function of the secondary lining of the middle wall, so as to reduce the load borne by the primary support of the arc section of middle tunnel and elevate the safety coefficient; the invention reduces the settlement and impact on peripheral environment, so as to ensure the stability and safety of the excavation working face; small number of construction joint and high working efficiency.

The invention discloses an automatic gain control (AGC) unit coordination control method based on hydroelectric and thermal power joint optimization scheduling. The method comprises the steps that a main control area is established in a system, objective sub-areas are established according to strategy requirements, contents of a control unit is confirmed according to differences of regulating characteristics of an AGC unit, subjection relationships among a hydroelectric unit, a thermal power unit, the control unit and the objective sub-areas are set in an online mode, priority levels are set according to strategies such as a regulation margin, planned electric quantity and a grid purchase price, proportions are regulated according to established responsibility sharing factors, remained regulating quantity is coordinated among units or in units, and a final regulating command is issued after passing security correction. According to the steps, all the hydroelectric and thermal power AGC units together bear the regulating quantity in an area, the contribution functions of the various units to system AGC regulation are sufficiently played, and dynamic tracking requirements of different objects can be met through a manner that the control strategies are modified in an online mode.

The invention provides a dragline curtain wall support system with a steel truss at the top and a construction method thereof. The dragline curtain wall support system comprises main building structures at two sides, a support structure at the lower part, the steel truss at the top and a curtain wall steel cable at the middle, wherein the main building structures provide left and right fixed points of the steel cable, and the steel truss and the support structure at the lower part provide upper and lower fixed points of the curtain wall steel cable; a two-direction fixed mode of horizontal connection and vertical connection is adopted at the two ends of the steel truss and between the main building structures; and the horizontal connection is realized through a horizontal bearing support, and the vertical connection is realized through a vertical bearing support. The dragline curtain wall support system is simple in structure and convenient in construction; by virtue of the two-direction support fixed mode, the structure strength is increased, the node structure is simplified, and the structure safety is greatly increased; The horizontal bearing support is installed after vertical steel cable prestress tension to enable the steel truss to freely rotate under the action of the vertical force, so that the secondary stress of buildings at two sides is reduced; and by transferring force by a horizontal steel plate, the bearing force is large, the stress is reliable, and micro-vertical deformation of the steel truss can also be applicable.

The invention provides a supporting method for an underground soft rock roadway of a coal mine. The supporting method for the underground soft rock roadway of the coal mine is characterized by comprising the following steps of (1) supporting through an anchor net, specifically, after the roadway is tunneled or expanded through brushing, the anchor net is used for supporting the roadway firstly, and then end anchoring is conducted through an anchoring agent; (2) erecting of a steel support, specifically, U-shaped steel is machined into two or more round steel supports with the inner diameters being matched with the diameter of the roadway, an anchor rod and the steel supports are fixed through high-strength U-shaped clamping cables, and every two adjacent supports are connected through a pull rod; (3) concrete pouring, specifically, after the supports are mounted, a reinforcing mesh is laid on the inner edges of the supports, used air duct cloth is laid on the reinforcing mesh to serve as a formwork, concrete starts to be poured, and the concrete is compacted through vibration of a vibrating spear; and (4) back-filled grouting, specifically, a grouting anchor rod is arranged on a poured concrete outer wall with a round cross section in a punched mode. According to the supporting method for the underground soft rock roadway of the coal mine, cracks in surrounding rock are filled with cement paste after back-filled grouting is conducted, the surrounding rock is in an intact state again, the stability of the surrounding rock is enhanced, and supporting can be brought into play more effectively.

The invention discloses an excavation method for a tunnel passing through a high-angle thrust water-rich and sand-rich fault. A construction tunnel hole is divided from the top to the bottom into an upper hole body, a central hole body, and a lower hole body, wherein the upper hole body is divided into a left guide hole and a right guide hole. A primary support structure of the tunnel hole is a double-layer primary support structure. During the excavation of the construction tunnel, the construction tunnel is divided into a plurality of tunnel segments from the back to the front for excavation. During the excavation of any one tunnel segment, the method comprises the steps: 1, performing the excavation of the upper hole body and the primary supporting; 2, performing the excavation of the central hole body and the primary supporting of an outer layer; 3, performing the excavation of the lower hole body and the primary supporting of the outer layer; 4, performing the primary supporting of an inner layer; 5, repeatedly performing the steps 1-4 for many times, and completing the excavation of the tunnel. The method is simple in step, is reasonable in design, is convenient for construction, is good in use effect, employs a three-step method for the excavation of the tunnel hole, employs double primary support structure for the full-section support of the tunnel hole after excavation, and can guarantee the safety of the tunnel structure later.

The invention relates to the technical field of tunnel engineering construction, in particular to a tunnel supporting lagging jack and a using method. The tunnel supporting lagging jack comprises an annular lagging jack main body structure arranged along the inner wall of a tunnel, and a plurality of supporting structures connected to the lagging jack main body structure. One ends of the supporting structures are connected to the lagging jack main body structure, and the other ends of the supporting structures are provided with telescopic devices stretching out and drawing back towards one side of surrounding rock so that the supporting structures can extend to reach the surrounding rock and in contact with the surrounding rock to form an effective support. According to the tunnel supporting device, by arranging the telescopic structures, control over the attaching tightness degree is conducted on an excavation face of the surrounding rock through the telescopic structures, the problemthat loads are concentrated when a steel lagging jack supports the excavation face of the surrounding rock is solved, it is ensured that the supporting device provides annular support along the crosssection of the tunnel, and the construction quality and construction safety are ensured.

The invention discloses a construction method for a tunnel passing through a high-angle thrust water-rich and sand-rich fault. The method comprises the steps: 1, performing the preliminary excavationand the supporting construction of a rear tunnel segment; 2, performing the synchronous excavation and the supporting construction of the rear tunnel segment and a water drainage hole body of a waterdrainage hole; 3, performing the synchronous excavation and the supporting construction of the rear tunnel segment, the water drainage hole body of the water drainage hole and a rear detouring headingsegment; 4, performing the excavation and the supporting construction of a front water drainage hole body, a front heating segment and a central tunnel segment; 5, performing the excavation and the supporting construction of a front tunnel segment. According to the invention, the water on the upper wall of the fault is drained through a high-level water drainage hole between a tunnel front hole and a detouring heading pit, and the auxiliary water drainage is performed through the detouring heading pit, and the fault condition in front of the tunnel face of the front hole can be explored in advance, thereby guaranteeing the construction safety of each tunnel face. The method employs the three-step method for the excavation of the tunnel front hole, employs double preliminary supporting structures for the full-section supporting after excavation, can guarantee the safety of the tunnel structure later, and shortens the construction cycle.

The invention provides a support for mine concrete support engineering and a support method thereof. The support comprises two rows of corresponding upright column legs, a plurality of transverse supports, a plurality of vertical supports, two carlings and a plurality of lagging jacks, wherein butt joints are arranged on the lateral surface and the top of each column leg; butt joints are arranged on the both ends of each transverse support and are docked with a pair of butt joints on the lateral surfaces of a pair of corresponding column legs; butt joints are arranged on the both ends of each vertical support and are docked with a pair of butt joints on the lateral surfaces of two adjacent column legs in each row of column legs; butt joints on the top lateral surfaces of the two carlings are corresponding in sequence, and butt joints on the bottom lateral surfaces of the two carlings are docked with the butt joints at the top of the column leg in the corresponding column leg row in sequence; and the plurality of multiple lagging jacks are arranged on the two carlings. The support is suitable for support engineering of horse heads, chambers and gate ways in all kinds of types and shapes, and capable of being recycled, quick in support speed and free of safety hidden trouble in use.

The invention discloses a basement external wall post-cast strip construction method and a building structure thereof. The construction method comprises the steps that when an exterior wall is cast, aguide wall is cast on the outer side of a post-cast strip, and waste generated during wall body casting and or excess materials left by wall body casting are used as materials of the guide wall. Thebuilding structure comprises the exterior wall. The guide wall is cast on the outer side of the post-cast strip. The waste generated during wall body casting and or the excess materials left by wall body casting are used as materials of the guide wall. The construction progress is greatly accelerated, the project quality is improved, due to the fact that the strength of the guide wall is high, theguide wall is not liable to collapse even under the action of pressure of backfill, the potential safety hazards are eliminated, meanwhile, bricks do not need to be purchased additionally, the building cost is reduced, the waste generated during wall body casting and or the excess materials left by wall body casting are used for a new purpose, waste is avoided, and in addition, extra cost is reduced. Natural stretching and contracting of the exterior wall and the guide wall are facilitated.

The invention discloses an excavation and supporting method for a tunnel crossing a high-angle thrust water-rich and sand-rich fault. A circuitous pilot tunnel and a drainage tunnel are arranged on asame side of a tunnel main hole. When excavation and supporting construction is carried out on a construction tunnel, the excavation and supporting method for the tunnel crossing the high-angle thrustwater-rich and sand-rich fault comprises the steps that 1, preliminary excavation and supporting construction is carried out on a rear side tunnel segment; 2, synchronous excavation and supporting construction is carried out on a rear side tunnel segment and a drainage tunnel body of the drainage tunnel; 3, the synchronous excavation and supporting construction is carried out on the rear side tunnel segment, the drainage hole body of the drainage tunnel and a rear side circuitous pilot tunnel segment; 4, the excavation and supporting construction is carried out on a front drainage tunnel body, a front pilot tunnel segment and a middle tunnel segment; and 5, the excavation and supporting construction is carried out on a front side tunnel segment. According to the excavation and supportingmethod for the tunnel crossing the high-angle thrust water-rich and sand-rich fault, the steps are simple, design is reasonable, construction is simple and convenient, the using effect is good, the tunnel hole is excavated by adopting a three-step method, full fracture surface supporting is carried out on the tunnel hole by adopting a double-layer preliminary supporting structure after excavation,and the safety of a later tunnel structure can be ensured.

The invention relates to the technical field of coal body shoring, in particular to an anchor-cable anchoring method and structure in a loose coal body. The anchor-cable anchoring method comprises the following steps that S1, an anchor cable hole is drilled on the coal body; S2, a first anchoring agent with diffusivity is injected into the anchor cable hole; S3, a second anchoring agent used for sealing holes is injected into the upper portion of the first anchoring agent in the anchor cable hole; and S4, an anchor cable is inserted into the first anchoring agent along the anchor cable hole to be stirred till the partial first anchoring agent diffuses into the coal body around the first anchoring agent. Firstly the first anchoring agent is put into the drilled anchor cable hole, then the second anchoring agent is put into the drilled anchor cable hole, and finally the anchor cable is inserted into the drilled anchor cable hole and stirring is conducted. According to the anchor-cable anchoring method and structure in the loose coal body, the anchoring force crushing a side anchor cable of the coal body can be ensured, the pretightening force of the side anchor cable is improved, and the shoring effect of the anchor cable is developed; and deformation of the side portion of a roadway is controlled, and the problem that the roadway is repaired continuously due to the fact that the convergence of the side portion of the roadway of the crushed coal body is large is solved. Meanwhile the anchor-cable anchoring method is convenient to construct underground, an original anchor cable construction process is not added, application and popularization are facilitated, and the anchor-cable anchoring method has a high technical economical effect.

The invention discloses a system for generating an equipment ledger hierarchical tree from an EMS transformer substation graph model. The system comprises an EMS terminal, an FTP server and a GIS terminal. The EMS terminal comprises: an EMS power transformation diagram model exporting assembly which is used for exporting a transformer substation diagram model in an EMS system to the FTP server; the GIS terminal comprises a GIS identification incremental power transformation diagram module assembly, a GIS import incremental power transformation diagram module assembly, a GIS power transformation diagram module verification assembly, a GIS power transformation diagram module equipment analysis assembly, a GIS generation equipment tree node assembly, a GIS generation equipment detailed branchsub-node assembly and a GIS equipment hierarchical tree searching and positioning assembly. According to the method, the equipment ledger hierarchical tree is generated from the EMS transformer substation graph model, substation graph model fusion of an EMS system and an informatization system is achieved, and the supporting effect of data in the system on services is brought into full play for the basis and preconditions of service application.

The invention relates to a method for supporting a steel grating, which comprises the following steps: controlled blasting: when drilling a blast hole, compacting the peripheral holes and reducing the explosive load; temporary shotcrete support: shotcreting on the cross section of the constructed object to form a temporary shotcrete support; anchor stock installation: drilling the anchor stock holes in the constructed object vertically and horizontally, and inserting the anchor stock into the hole; steel fabric sheet installation: fixing a steel fabric sheet on the installed anchor stock; steel grating installation: fixing a steel grating on the anchor stock; and final shotcrete support: shotcreting to complete the entire steel grating support. The supporting method can completely ensure the safety of the downhole excavation construction.

The invention discloses an assembly type retaining structure connecting device. The assembly type retaining structure connecting device comprises a plurality of support piles which are vertically arranged, wherein at least one horizontally placed type profile steel assembly waist beam is at least arranged in a length direction of the support piles in a position, away from a rock-soil body, in themultiple support piles; a plurality of earth-retaining component connectors are uniformly arranged in a gap of the profile steel assembly waist beam; the earth-retaining component connectors are in one-to-one correspondence to the support piles; the other ends of the earth-retaining component connectors are blocked on the corresponding support piles; an anchor cable is arranged between adjacent two support piles; a plurality of steel strands are fixedly arranged in the anchor cables; and the other ends of the multiple steel strands pass through the gap of the profile steel assembly waist beamand are connected to anchorage devices. The assembly type retaining structure connecting device disclosed by the invention solves the problems that a steel waist beam in the prior art easily has torsion and local turn-back unstable phenomena due to the fact that the steel waist beam is easily stressed locally, a reinforced concrete waist beam template is difficult to process, and a construction period is long. The invention further discloses an assembly type retaining structure connecting method.

The invention discloses an EMS power transformation graph model and power grid GIS platform graph model increment adaptation system. The system comprises an EMS export module, a file server, a GIS update detection module, a GIS version management module, a GIS power transformation graph model synchronization module, a GIS power transformation graph model verification module and a GIS power transformation graph model warehousing module. The EMS export module exports the updated power transformation diagram model in the EMS system to a file server for storage; the GIS updating detection module is used for detecting a file updating state; the GIS power transformation graph model synchronization module downloads the updated power transformation diagram and model file; the GIS power transformation graph model verification module verifies the downloaded power transformation graph model file; and the GIS power transformation graph model warehousing module stores the successfully verified power transformation graph model file into a GIS system. According to the method, incremental adaptation updating from the EMS power transformation graph model to the power grid GIS platform is achieved,data updating is timely and accurate, a basis and a precondition are provided for related department enterprises to carry out service application, and the supporting effect of data in an EMS system and a power grid GIS platform diagram on services needs to be brought into full play.

The invention discloses a study and analysis method for deformation control technology of a high-crustal-stress interbed soft rock tunnel. The method comprises the following steps that 1, comparing and analyzing different step lengths; 2, making contrastive analysis on the inverted arch closing distance; 3, making anchor rod support contrastive analysis; 4, making contrastive analysis of the construction time of the second lining, when the length of the steps is larger, indicating that the deformation of the tunnel and the stress of the supporting structure are larger, the supporting structure can be closed in time due to the fact that the steps are shortened, considering the lengths of the steps of 4 m and 5 m are combined, and the deformation of the tunnel can be better controlled; three supporting schemes are provided for the high-crustal-stress interbedding soft rock tunnel, the three supporting schemes are compared and analyzed to obtain that when the first scheme is adopted, five anchor rods achieve yield, sliding between bedding can be better reduced through the third scheme, stress of the anchor rods is more uniform, the supporting effect of the anchor rods can be fully exerted. And tunnel deformation is controlled.

The invention relates to a system for evaluating a commercial vehicle driver. The system comprises an acquisition module, an extraction module, a calculation module, an authority module, a country industry management and decision module, a local industry management and decision module, an enterprise management and decision module, a driver self-inquiry constriction module and an evaluation system regional database. The system for evaluating the commercial vehicle driver with a three-layer structure is constructed according to full-journey driving skill accumulated values of the commercial vehicle driver and a calculation method, so that data mining of a commercial vehicle driver database can be realized, and full-journey comprehensive evaluation can be realized; and the important supporting action of scientific and technical innovation to the traffic safety is fully developed.

The invention discloses a V-shaped gas protection cover special for a copper / high-carbon steel composite material. The V-shaped gas protection cover comprises a V-shaped shell (3) defined by a base plate (1), a covering plate (2) and side plates. The included angle between the copper strip and the high-carbon steel strip is 30-45 degrees. The invention further discloses the copper / high-carbon steel composite material, a laser-assisted preparation method of the copper / high-carbon steel composite material and application of the copper / high-carbon steel composite material in conductive springs and / or precision gaskets. According to the method, a melting layer is formed, dependence of copper / high-carbon steel rolling compounding on deformation is remarkably reduced, interface bonding of copper / high-carbon steel can be achieved under the extremely small rolling deformation, the problem of poor deformation coordination is avoided, an eddy current area is generated in the local position of the melting layer under the rolling effect, and the deformation coordination is improved. Further, a wave-shaped interface or a copper-steel transition layer is formed at the local position of the interface, which is similar to an explosive cladding transition layer, so that the interface bonding effect can be further enhanced.

The embodiment of the invention provides a new energy power station phase modifier and in-station energy storage fusion system which comprises a phase modifier and an energy storage system which are arranged in a new energy power station, and the fusion system comprises an energy storage independent excitation mode, an energy storage excitation and self-shunt excitation complementary mode, an energy storage independent starting mode and an energy storage standby starting mode. The phase modifier and the energy storage system in the new energy power station can be effectively fused, the reliability of the phase modifier equipment and the utilization rate of the energy storage system are improved, and the supporting effect of the phase modifier on the new energy power grid is fully exerted.

The invention provides a distribution network reactive power optimization data processing method which comprises the steps of determining the sampling data of distribution network reactive power optimization, initializing a distribution network reactive power optimization mixed component parameter, optimizing the distribution network reactive power optimization mixed component parameter, judging the convergence of a data processing process, adding 1 to the number of iterations if not converging, further optimizing the distribution network reactive power optimization mixed component parameter, and calculating a probability density function after data processing process convergence. According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, the reasonable configuration of reactive resources is realized, a more systematic and comprehensive data support is provided for power optimization network reactive power optimization, and the economy, safety and stability of a power system are greatly improved.

The invention discloses a micro-grid energy management and autonomous adjustment method and an intelligent fusion terminal, and the method integrates micro-grid autonomous adjustment and energy management technologies, can achieve the intelligent perception and optimal control of a micro-grid, improves the energy supply reliability and economy of the micro-grid, and supports the operation of a novel power system. Event-driven and edge activity network type data structures are combined in a micro-grid fusion terminal, so that a control function can be realized through concise file configuration, and the problems that a micro-grid control strategy needs complex programming and the research and development manpower and time cost is high can be effectively solved; the hardware-in-the-loop simulation of the micro-grid control strategy is realized, the control strategy is fully and efficiently tested, the field deployment test workload is remarkably reduced, and the reliability and research and development application efficiency of the control strategy are improved.

The invention discloses an anchor rod fixing device for tunnel construction. The anchor rod fixing device includes first fixing members and second fixing members. The first fixing members and the second fixing members both include horizontal splice plates, vertical plates and bottom connecting plates, the tail parts of the horizontal splice plates are vertically connected with the top ends of thevertical plates, the head parts of the bottom connecting plates are vertically connected with the bottom ends of the vertical plates, and the extending directions of the horizontal splice plates are opposite to the extending directions of the bottom connecting plates. The horizontal splice plates are provided with anchor rod locating holes, and the bottom connecting plates are provided with bolt holes. According to the anchor rod fixing device for the tunnel construction and the installation method thereof, the bolt holes are formed in steel frame flanges at certain intervals in the circumferential direction before implementation, the phenomenon of chaotic anchor rod distribution in the prior art can be improved through the distribution of the positions of the bolt holes, and the integrality of the anchor rod support of a system can be improved in longer ranges of tunnels.

The invention discloses a method for dismantling three-rock-pillar support of a huge-span underground cave depot. The method comprises the following steps that step 1, an area is divided, specifically, a working surface of a to-be-excavated underground cavern is divided into an upper cavern area and a lower cavern area, the upper cavern area is divided into three areas in the left-right direction, and the area, located at the left edge or the right edge, of the upper cavern area is a side cavern area; the areas, adjacent to the middle area of the upper cavern and the area left cavern area or the right cavern area, are rock pillar areas; and the area, between every two adjacent rock pillar sections, is a cave area; and step 2, excavation construction is carried out, specifically, excavation is carried out in the tunnel excavation direction, the distance of a single-time excavation section is determined, the cavern area and the cavern hole areas are excavated in sequence, and excavation of the single-time excavation section is completed; each rock pillar area is divided into a plurality of sequentially adjacent small rock pillars in the tunnel excavation direction; and the excavated sections of the excavated cavern areas and the excavated sections of the excavated side cavern areas serve as construction channels of all the to-be-excavated rock pillar areas in the sections. The stability and safety of the huge-span underground cave depot in the rock pillar dismantling process can be guaranteed, and meanwhile, the purpose of quickly dismantling the rock pillar can be achieved through the method.

The invention relates to a land leveller front wheel drive hydraulic system. The land leveller front wheel drive hydraulic system is used for solving the problem that an existing land leveller front wheel drive double closed type hydraulic system is deviated during use of open loop control. The land leveller front wheel drive hydraulic system comprises a precursor pump, a left front wheel motor, aright front wheel motor, a controller, a first combined valve and rotating speed sensors for detecting the rotating speed of front wheels, rear wheels and the precursor pump; the two ends of a firstswitching valve and the two ends of a second switching valve in the first combined valve are cross connected between the right front wheel motor and the left front wheel motor correspondingly; the controller controls the displacement of a left travelling pump and a right travelling pump according to the left front wheel rotating speed, the right front wheel rotating speed and the rear wheel rotating speed; or the controller controls the displacement of the left travelling pump and the right travelling pump according to the precursor pump rotating speed and the rear wheel rotating speed. The land leveller front wheel drive hydraulic system combines the advantages of the front wheel drive open hydraulic system and the closed hydraulic system, so that the control of the front wheel drive becomes simpler, and the boosting effect of the front wheels can be fully played.

The frozen meat slicing machine comprises a machine body, a portal frame and a first shell are fixedly installed at the top of the machine body, a cutting component, a first limiting component, a movable supporting component and a synchronous interruption component are installed in the portal frame, the movable supporting component and the synchronous interruption component are connected, and a pushing limiting component is installed in the first shell. The bottom of a first movable supporting plate is always lower than the bottom of a blade through the limitation of a first limiting column on a limiting pin, so that when the blade cuts, the first movable supporting plate always keeps abutting against one side of a frozen meat cutting part, and the supporting area of one side of the frozen meat is increased through a second movable supporting plate; according to the frozen meat slicing machine, the supporting effect on frozen meat is further improved, the frozen meat can bear shearing force applied to the frozen meat by the blade, the frozen meat is prevented from being bent or broken, the qualified rate of meat rolls processed by the frozen meat slicing machine is increased, it is guaranteed that the frozen meat slices are the same in thickness and size, and then the eating taste of customers is improved.

The invention discloses a construction method of an emergency disaster relief station. The construction method comprises the following steps that a, a bottom fixing structure is installed; b, mounting a top structure; c, the top structure is installed on the bottom fixing structure; d, the positioning columns and the adjusting columns are reinforced; e, mounting a bearing frame; f, mounting a lateral steel plate; g, the first baffle and the second baffle are welded; and h, assembling and connecting the mounting units. The top structure and the bottom fixing structure can be kept at a set height, the top structure can be pre-mounted during mounting, the top structure can be accurately positioned and the set height of the top structure can be limited in a hoisting and cylinder pushing manner, and the stability of the top structure on the bottom fixing structure can be improved; the mounting unit is made to have enough strength, the requirement for hanging the mounting unit is met, the top structure and the bottom fixing structure have certain space for arranging pipelines and water pipes, and the pipelines and the water pipes are protected.