The invention relates to an RFID-based online error prevention system for cigarettes. The system comprises an intelligent rolling management system, an error prevention cigarette management and control system, Siemens PLC, RFID control gateway, an RFID read-write device of a cigarette making machine, an RFID information writing verification device, an alarm lamp of the cigarette making machine, anelectric control cabinet of a HCF tray loading machine, an HCF actuator, an HCF tray stopping device, an HCF lifting mechanism, an electric control device for a COMFLEX tray unloading machine, a plastic grating-in-place device, an RFID reading device for a packaging machine, a checking subsystem for cigarette brand error prevention, a COMFELX executing mechanism, and an alarm lamp of the packaging machine. Each device and each system are connected by a provided industrial Ethernet network. Real-time communication and data collection, processing, and transmission can be performed. According tothe RFID-based online error prevention system and the checking method for cigarettes, the quality problem that the cigarettes of different brands are mixed can be completely eradicated, thereby realizing the purpose of comprehensive error prevention in terms of management flow, manual transportation, and production link.