The invention provides a laser cladding self-adjusting device and method. The device comprises a spindle motor, a chuck, an upright column, a Z-axis module, a bracket, a laser cladding head, a first ranging sensor, a control system, a base, a spindle seat, an X-axis module, a second ranging sensor, a tailstock and a cladding material input mechanism, wherein the first ranging sensor is used for detecting a distance between the surface of a workpiece to be cladded and the laser cladding head in real time, and the second ranging sensor is used for detecting a distance between the cladded surfaceof the workpiece and the laser cladding head in real time. According to the device and the method, the automatic fixed height control and accurate time difference control are innovatively arranged, the distance between the cladding head and the workpiece is monitored in real time, the distance between the cladding head and the workpiece is automatically adjusted, and the constant distance betweenthe cladding head and the workpiece is guaranteed; and meanwhile, the height difference before and after cladding is monitored in real time, the execution time is accurately controlled, the process conditions are dynamically adjusted, the constant thickness of the cladding layer is guaranteed, and a problem of development bottleneck of an existing laser cladding technology is solved.