398 results about "Black-body radiation" patented technology

The invention relates to phosphor-conversion (PC) sources of white light, which are composed of at least two groups of emitters, such as ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and wide-band (WB) or narrow-band (NB) phosphors that completely absorb and convert the flux generated by the LEDs to other wavelengths, and to improving the color quality of the white light emitted by such light sources. In particular, embodiments of the present invention describe new 2-4 component combinations of peak wavelengths and bandwidths for white PC LEDs with complete conversion. These combinations are used to provide spectral power distributions that enable lighting with a considerable portion of a high number of spectrophotometrically calibrated colors rendered almost indistinguishably from a blackbody radiator or daylight illuminant, and which differ from distributions optimized using standard color-rendering assessment procedures based on a small number of test color samples.

A blackbody radiation device (110) includes a planar filament emission element (102) and a planar detector (104) for respectively producing and detecting radiation having width dl / 1 less than about 0.1 to test a sample gas, where 1 is the wavelength of the radiation; a reflector (108); a window (W); an electrical control (118); and a data output element (116).

A high-transparency, low-emissivity window film or coating is designed to maximize so-called greenhouse heating. This effect is achieved through the use of conductive grids and / or gratings whose width and spacing has been selected such that the grid appears as a uniform conductive film to long-wavelength infrared (blackbody) radiation. The conductive grid film reflects the blackbody radiation strongly, and such that the grid appears highly transparent to visible and near-infrared light, and therefore transmits it.

A solid state light source having first and second component light sources and an interface circuit and a method for making the same are disclosed. The first and second component light sources emit light having first and second color points on different sides of the black body radiation curve. The first and second component light sources include LEDs that emit light of a first wavelength and a layer of a light converting material that converts a portion of that light to light of a second wavelength. The interface circuit powers the first and second component light sources such that the solid state light source has a color point that is closer to the black body radiation curve than either the first or second color points. A third component light source can be included to expand the range of white color temperatures that can be reached by the light source.

A lighting system includes methods and systems to mix colors of light emitted from at least two LED emitters. In at least one embodiment, the lighting system includes a controller that responds to phase-cut angles of the dimming signal and correlates the phase-cut angles with a predetermined black body radiation function to dynamically adjust a color spectra of the mixed light in response to changes in phase cut angles of the phase-cut dimming level signal. In at least one embodiment, the controller utilizes the predetermined black body radiation function to dynamically adjust the color spectra of the mixed, emitted light in response to changes in phase cut angles of a phase-cut dimming level signal. In at least one embodiment, the predetermined black body radiation function specifies correlated color temperatures (CCTs) that model the CCTs of an actual non-LED based lamp, such as an incandescent lamp.

A system and method for enhancing the flux and separation properties of water filtration membranes by oxidizing raw or processed water constituents with direct photolysis of the water matrix by pulsed blackbody UV, yielding ozone and hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and other short lived oxidizing species. The result thereof, causing precipitation of inorganic molecules or organically complexed minerals, partial or complete mineralization of organic molecules and the deactivation or destruction of microbes including: virus, bacteria and protozoa. The system and method comprises a pulsed blackbody, deep-UV reactor having at least one treatment chamber, the reactor having a conveying assembly to convey the water to be treated into the chamber; a filter assembly to screen the UV treated water; a caustic supply means for the post-treatment of water; a recovering assembly recovering the permeate at an outlet of the filtration means. The effect of such UV water treatment is multifaceted. One aspect is the reduction of the transmembrane pressure (TMP), another is the reduction of duration of backwash and caustic cleaning cycles. Also, the oxidation of iron and manganese to insoluble compounds, without the addition of oxidizing agents, does not harm the membranes. Iron and manganese turn into hydroxide crystals trapped by the filtration membrane and separated from the permeate. These effects integrate to enhance the water flux through the filter membrane.

In a calibration reference light source and a sensitivity calibration system using the same, a plurality of single-wavelength light sources for emitting reference lights having mutually different single-wavelengths are used instead of a black body radiation source for radiating a white light, and not only the intensities of the single-wavelength reference lights, but also the wavelengths thereof are measured to obtain sensitivity correction coefficients of intensity-to-radiance conversion data. Thus, obtained reference radiance are highly reliable and sensitivity correction of spectrophotometers and spectral illuminometers can be performed with high accuracy and reliability at a user side, whereby the calibration reference light source and the calibration system using the same can be obtained at low cost.

Method and System for wireless communications is provided. The system includes an RF module, and a coupler. The coupler is coupled with the RF module. The coupler includes a member for conductive coupling with the user's body such that RF energy is coupled into and / or out of the user's body.

A system for opto-pyrometric tissue temperature monitoring in real time. The system is adapted for cardiac ablation and tissue temperature measurement, having a catheter having a tip electrode adapted for RF ablation of cardiac tissue and an optical collector whose distal end is received in an opening formed in the tip electrode to detect black body radiation from the cardiac tissue. The system includes an optical detection system in communication with the optical collector, the optical processing system processing signals representative of a wavelength of at least a portion of the black body radiation to determine a tissue temperature. The incorporation of an optical collector within a catheter tip permits real time monitoring of tissue temperature during ablation and lesion formation to prevent critical thresholds in temperature associated with events that can damage tissue, including steam pop, thrombus, char, etc.

An LED array includes three or more strings of bare LEDs mounted in close proximity to each other on a substrate. The strings of LEDs emit light of one or more wavelengths of blue, indigo and / or violet light, with peak wavelengths that are less than 490 nm. Luminescent materials deposited on each of the LED chips in the array emit light of different wavelength ranges that are of longer wavelengths than and in response to light emissions from the LED chips. A control circuit applies currents to the strings of LEDs, causing the LEDs in the strings to emit light, which causes the luminescent materials to emit light. A user interface enables users to control the currents applied by the control circuit to the strings of LEDs to achieve a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) value and hue that are desired by users, with CIE chromaticity coordinates that lie on, or near to the black body radiation curve. Preferably a transparent material is dispensed on the substrate between the LED semiconductor chips to substantially surround the LED semiconductor chips. Thereafter at least one layer containing luminescent materials is applied on the LED semiconductor chips and the transparent material.

PCT No. PCT / GB96 / 01805 Sec. 371 Date Jan. 9, 1998 Sec. 102(e) Date Jan. 9, 1998 PCT Filed Jul. 29, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO97 / 05742 PCT Pub. Date Feb. 13, 1997A thermal sensing system (10) including an array of photon detectors (14) produces a detector-dependent response to irradiation. Variations in individual detector characteristics produce a fixed pattern noise which degrades an image or other response. A switchable mirror (M1) may at one position (Pcal) direct infrared radiation from a light emitting diode (20) onto the detector array (14). The diode (20) is both a negative and positive luminescent emitter, the flux emitted is current controlled to be equivalent to black body radiation at a range of temperatures both colder and hotter than ambient. Calibration relationships comprising transfer functions relating incident intensity to signal response are derived for each detector. Alternatively the mirror (M1) may be at an observation position (Pobs) and infrared radiation from a remote scene reaches the detector array (14). Resulting detector signals are converted into corrected fluxes using individual calibration relationships previously derived and an image or response with reduced fixed pattern noise is obtained.

A system for opto-pyrometric tissue temperature monitoring in real time. The system is adapted for cardiac ablation and tissue temperature measurement, having a catheter having a tip electrode adapted for RF ablation of cardiac tissue and an optical collector whose distal end is received in an opening formed in the tip electrode to detect black body radiation from the cardiac tissue. The system includes an optical detection system in communication with the optical collector, the optical processing system processing signals representative of a wavelength of at least a portion of the black body radiation to determine a tissue temperature. The incorporation of an optical collector within a catheter tip permits real time monitoring of tissue temperature during ablation and lesion formation to prevent critical thresholds in temperature associated with events that can damage tissue, including steam pop, thrombus, char, etc.

An apparatus for cooking a food item therein has a housing defining an interior and includes at least first and second opposed walls. A rotating member is positioned between the first and second walls of the housing, and the rotating member is capable of engaging and rotating the food item. A drive mechanism is mounted on the apparatus for rotating the rotating member. A heating element is positioned adjacent the second wall of the housing, and a blackbody radiator is positioned between the rotating member and the heating element. The heating element heats a first side of the blackbody radiator and a second side of the blackbody radiator emits radiation in a highly effective wavelength spectrum toward the food item. The apparatus also includes a self cleaning system for cleaning the interior.

The invention provides a multiband infrared radiation automatic measuring system which can timely and automatically measure the infrared radiation characteristics of a measured object within different bands under complicated backgrounds and completely meets the requirements of long-term fault-free automatic observation radiation calibration measurement. The multiband infrared radiation automatic measuring system comprises a scanning device, a light splitting device, an infrared detection device and a control system / circuit, wherein the scanning device, the light splitting device and the infrared detection device are sequentially arranged on a light path in a radiation incident direction; and the scanning device comprises a protection window capable of rotating, a rotary reflecting mirror and a fixed double-blackbody correction assembly. In the invention, light spectrum light splitting and band modulating and canning technologies are used, and two medium and long wave detectors are selected to match with the technologies, thereby increasing measurable optical channels to effectively form the radiation calibration measurement to more long-wave and medium wave bands. Moreover, the radiation size required by a blackbody radiation cavity is compressed, the design and manufacture difficulties of the blackbodies are reduced, and the controllable precision is improved.

The invention relates to phosphor-conversion (PC) sources of white light, which are composed of at least two groups of emitters, such as blue electroluminescent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and wide-band (WB) or narrow-band (NB) phosphors that partially absorb and convert the flux generated by the LEDs to other wavelengths, and to improving the quality of the white light emitted by such light sources. In particular, embodiments of the present invention describe new 3-4 component combinations of peak wavelengths and bandwidths for white PC LEDs with partial conversion. These combinations are used to provide spectral power distributions that enable lighting with a considerable portion of a high number of spectrophotometrically calibrated colors rendered almost indistinguishably from a blackbody radiator or daylight illuminant, and which differ from distributions optimized using standard color-rendering assessment procedures based on a small number of test samples.

A novel pixel circuit and multi-dimensional array for receiving and detecting black body radiation in the SWIR, MWIR or LWIR frequency bands. An electromagnetic thermal sensor and imaging system is provided based on the treatment of thermal radiation as an electromagnetic wave. The thermal sensor and imager functions essentially as an electromagnetic power sensor / receiver, operating in the SWIR (200-375 THz), MWIR (60-100 THz), or LWIR (21-38 THz) frequency bands. The thermal pixel circuit of the invention is used to construct thermal imaging arrays, such as 1D, 2D and stereoscopic arrays. Various pixel circuit embodiments arc provided including balanced and unbalanced, biased and unbiased and current and voltage sensing topologies. The pixel circuit and corresponding imaging arrays are constructed on a monolithic semiconductor substrate using in a stacked topology. A metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure provides rectification of the received signal at high terahertz frequencies.

A simulated calibration and verification reference sample for a measurement system including a blackbody radiation source and a spectrographic sensor is disclosed. By providing a simulating reference sample, no actual sample is required and the problems associated with an actual sample including preparation, maintenance, use, storage, replacement and the like are eliminated.

A blackbody radiation device (110) includes a planar filament emission element (102) and a planar detector (104) for respectively producing and detecting radiation having width dl / l less than about 0.1 to test a sample gas, where l is the wavelength of the radiation; a reflector (108); a window (W); an electrical control (118); and a data output element (116).

A lighting device may be provided that includes: a first to a fourth light emitting devices which are disposed on a substrate a first and a second pulse width modulation controllers which perform a pulse width modulation on currents applied to the first and the second light emitting devices respectively; and a first and a second controllers which control respectively currents applied to the third and the fourth light emitting devices having color temperatures different from those of the first and the second light emitting devices, wherein an (x, y) coordinate, which is determined by the mixture of the lights emitted from the first to the fourth light emitting devices and is located within a 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram, is moved onto a black body radiation curve within the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram through the pulse width modulation of the first and the second pulse width modulation controllers and the control of the first and the second controllers.

In this process for producing a black body decoy flare, a composition which, when combusted, provides black body radiation is extruded. The compositions generally include from about 40% to about 70% metal such as magnesium or aluminum, from about 10% to about 40% polytetrafluoroethylene, and from about 8% to about 30% binder. Important to the operation of the invention is the production of carbon upon combustion of the composition. Accordingly, polyaromatic thermoplastics, such as polystyrene and dimethyl phthalate, serve as the binder.

The invention relates to infrared radiation measurement and calibration technology field and especially relates to a high-precision surface source blackbody radiation source device capable of being applied under a vacuum low temperature condition. The device mainly comprises a blackbody radiation source main body module, a vacuum cabin, a control cable in the cabin, a through-wall air plug, a control cable outside the cabin, a refrigeration copper braid and a controller module. The blackbody radiation source main body module is placed in the vacuum cabin. The blackbody radiation source main body module is connected to an inner wall of the vacuum cabin through the refrigeration copper braid. The blackbody radiation source main body module is connected to the controller module successively through the control cable in the cabin, the through-wall air plug and the control cable outside the cabin. The device has advantages that a problem that effective emissivity, temperature uniformity and a wide temperature range can not be simultaneously satisfied in the prior art is effectively solved; and an application basis is provided for calibrating and testing infrared detection equipment and establishing a low temperature target performance test system under a vacuum environment.

The invention provides a method for measuring temperature in real time. The method is characterized in that temperaturemeasurement comprises the following steps: processing radiation lights emitted by a measured object by a light-splitting mechanism to obtain two or more than two multi-wavelength radiation light beams; receiving radiation energies with different wavelength by a photoelectric detector to obtain a radiation energy ratio; calculating corresponding temperature values according to a formula of the blackbody radiation theory; obtaining correction factors of single-wavelength radiation energies by taking a temperature value calibrated by a standard blackbody radiation source in a high-temperature range as a criterion; and calculating the corrected single-wavelength radiation energies to obtain a temperature value in a low-temperature range. The method has the advantages that with the adoption of a multi-wavelength optical temperature measuring technology, measurement errors caused by emissivity of an object surface, a temperature measuring distance, a temperature measuring angle, and environmental factors such as air flows, impurities and the like are reduced, and the temperature measuring accuracy is improved; the measuring accuracy and stability is improved, and the measuring range is widened extremely by the corrected single-wavelength radiation temperature measurement.

The invention discloses a micro-scale speckle manufacturing method for interface high-temperature deformation measurement, comprising the following steps of: selecting two types of high-temperature-resisting powder with a great black and white color difference; respectively mixing an ethanol solution with the two types of the high-temperature-resisting powder according to a mass / volume ratio of 1: (0.1-0.15) (g / ml) and putting into two spraying bottles; utilizing an ultrasonic washing machine to carry out dispersion treatment on the solutions in the spraying bottles; polishing a surface to be detected by sand paper; utilizing a butane flame spraying gun to heat to be about 60 DEG C; utilizing the spraying bottles to alternately spray the two types of the uniformly-mixed solutions on the surface to be detected; utilizing a draught fan to blow off unstable grains attached in the solutions to form random speckles; utilizing a microscope lens and matching an optical filtering technology capable of eliminating black body radiation influences to collect speckle images at a room temperature and a high temperature; and carrying out related coefficient calculation on the speckle images and finishing the manufacturing of the speckle images when the related coefficient is more than or equal to 0.98. The micro-scale speckle manufacturing method for the interface high-temperature deformation measurement can improve the precision and can measure a thermal deformation field of high-temperature-resisting composite materials of an interface region under thermal shock.

An extrudable black body decoy flare composition which, when combusted, provided black body radiation is disclosed. The compositions generally include from about 40% to about 70% metal such as magnesium or aluminum, from about 10% to about 40% polytetrafluoroethylene, and from about 8% to about 30% binder. Important to the operation of the invention is the production of carbon upon combustion of the composition. Accordingly, polyaromatic thermoplastics, such as polystyrene and dimethyl phthalate, serve as the binder.

An apparatus for cooking a food item therein is disclosed. The apparatus has a housing defining an interior and includes at least first and second opposed walls. A rotating member is positioned between the first and second walls of the housing, and the rotating member is capable of engaging and rotating the food item. A drive mechanism is mounted on the apparatus for rotating the rotating member. A heating element is positioned adjacent the second wall of the housing, and a blackbody radiator is positioned between the rotating member and the heating element. The heating element heats a first side of the blackbody radiator and a second side of the blackbody radiator emits radiation in a highly effective wavelength spectrum toward the food item. The apparatus also includes a self cleaning system for cleaning the interior.

The present invention provides a white light source comprising: a light emitting diode (LED) having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 350 or more and 420 nm or less; and a phosphor layer including four or more types of phosphors and resin, wherein the white light source satisfies a relational equation of: −0.2≦[(P(λ)×V(λ)) / (P(λmax1)×V(λmax1))−(B(λ)×V(λ)) / (B(λmax2)×V(λmax2))]≦+0.2, assuming that: a light emission spectrum of the white light source is P(λ); a light emission spectrum of black-body radiation having a same color temperature as that of the white light source is B(λ); a spectrum of a spectral luminous efficiency is V(λ); a wavelength at which P(λ)×V(λ) becomes largest is λmax1; and a wavelength at which B(λ)×V(λ) becomes largest is λmax2, and wherein an amount (difference) of chromaticity change on CIE chromaticity diagram from a time of initial lighting up of the white light source to a time after the white light source is continuously lighted up for 6000 hours is less than 0.010. According to the above white light source, there can be provided a white light source capable of reproducing the same light emission spectrum as that of natural light.

A first LED emits visible light of an emission color such that with respect to a CIE(1976)L*u*v* color space chromaticity diagram, the chromaticity is exterior to a prescribed white light region wherein the absolute value of a deviation duv from the blackbody radiation locus is at most 0.02 and the color temperature is within a range of from 2,500K to 10,000K, and the deviation duv from the blackbody radiation locus is larger than 0.02, and a second LED emits visible light of an emission color such that with respect to the above chromaticity diagram, the chromaticity is exterior to the prescribed white light region, and the deviation duv from the blackbody radiation locus is smaller than −0.02.

The invention discloses a millimeter wave blackbody radiation calibration source with a biconical cavity serial structure, which is cylindrical as a whole and has a cylindrical structure made of metalmaterial. An integrated cavity structure connected in series by a lip, a circular cavity, a transition section and a conical cavity which are all in rounding off from top to bottom is arranged in thecenter of a cylinder, and the opening surface of the cavity is arranged in the center of the top of the cylinder. A cavity inner wall wave-absorbing material coating is made of wave-absorbing material coated on the inner wall of the cavity according to the required thickness. The invention lowers the probability that radiation energy incident from the opening surface is reflected and returned from the opening surface during transmission in the cavity so that the radiation energy is reflected many times in the cavity and absorbed. Through controlling the coating depth, the invention solves theproblem that the consistency of temperatures of blackbody calibration sources is influenced due to overlarge coating depth and poor thermal conductivity while improving the absorptivity of the cavityinner wall of the blackbody radiation calibration source to the radiation energy.

There is provided an apparatus (1) and methods for processing biomass to produce charcoal, bio-oil(s) activated carbon, recarburiser carbon, or nut coke by means of microwave energy. The apparatus has a rotatable tube (5) for receiving biomass (108), an electromagnetic generator (7). One method provides applying electromagnetic energy to the biomass (108) and an absorbing material (109). An alternative method provides allowing an indirect, black body radiation field to develop, and exposing the biomass (108) to the black body radiation field and the electromagnetic energy. Another method provides allowing plasma to form and exposing the biomass to the plasma and the electromagnetic energy. Another method provides introducing the biomass to a second container (205), introducing the second container to a first reaction container (5), applying electromagnetic energy to the biomass and an absorbing material (109), allowing a plasma to form in the first container, which heats the biomass in the second container.