40 results about "Free-electron laser" patented technology

The invention provides a transcendental extreme ultraviolet light source device which comprises a free electron laser main body which comprises an undulator system and an optical resonant cavity. The undulator system comprises a modulation section undulator and a radiation section undulator; the optical resonant cavity comprises resonant cavity reflectors and a dispersion section, and the modulation section undulator, the dispersion section undulator and the radiation section undulator are sequentially arranged in the direction of an electron beam and are all located between the resonant cavity reflectors; the resonant wavelength output by the radiation section undulator is 1 / h of the resonant wavelength of the modulation section undulator, h is the harmonic number, and when the resonant wavelength output by the radiation section undulator is 6-7nm, the radiation wavelength reflected by the resonant cavity is h times of the resonant wavelength output by the radiation section undulator, so that the resonant cavity is prevented from adopting a reflector with the reflection wavelength of 6-7nm. According to the device, the radiation of the target wavelength is output by using harmonic waves, and a reflector with relatively long wavelength and mature technology can be directly used; various accelerators are compatible, the energy efficiency of the accelerators is greatly improved, and power consumption is reduced.

The application provides a kind of X-ray free electron laser and femtosecond laser space-time coupling system and method, it is related to X-ray free electron laser and femtosecond laser field.The space-time coupling system of the application includes medium platform for placing coupling medium, X-ray source for emitting X-ray free electron laser, femtosecond laser system for emitting femtosecond laser and controlling femtosecond laser optical path, vacuum coaxial microscope for observing reflected light on coupling medium and data acquisition system for collecting various signals.The application can couple X-ray free electron laser and femtosecond laser.In the aspect of space coupling, multiple mirrors and lenses are provided, so that X-ray free electron laser and femtosecond laser can realize micron-level space coupling on coupling medium;In the aspect of time coupling, by the principle that X-ray free electron laser can cause refractive index mutation of coupling medium (the time scale of mutation is femtosecond), femtosecond-level time coupling of X-ray free electron laser and femtosecond laser is realized.

The invention provides a sample positioning method suitable for an X-ray free electron laser monopulse experiment, and relates to the field of X-ray free electron laser experiments. The method comprises the following steps: step 1), acquiring an initial sample image of a sample to be detected; step 2), processing the initial sample image to obtain a target sample image; 3) identifying the contour of the target sample in the target sample image, and obtaining the pixel coordinates of the target sample; 4) performing visual proportion calibration on the target sample image to obtain a visual proportion coefficient; 5, based on the visual proportionality coefficient and the pixel coordinates of the target sample, the positioning coordinates of the target sample on the experimental platform are calculated in combination with datum point information.According to the method, accurate coordinate mapping and positioning can be achieved, the experimental performance is improved, and automation of the experimental process is promoted.

The invention discloses an integrated free electron laser on-line collimation and visible indication laser system and method, and the system employs a theoretical center line representing a magnetic axis of an undulator as a reference, and a collimation system completes the coincidence collimation of an electron beam axis and an optical axis with the theoretical center line; the visible light indication system provides a reference visible light beam for downstream beam line commissioning, where the reference visible light beam coincides with the theoretical centerline, and the system can be independently commissioned out of vacuum. The collimation system and the visible light indication system are mutually independent, are coupled through the upstream reflector and the downstream reflector, do not influence each other, and can be permanently used on line.

The present application provides a fixed-target sample scanning method and system based on an X-ray free electron laser. The method comprises: acquiring a fixed target sample image of an X-ray free electron laser; performing sample identification on the basis of the fixed target sample image to obtain an identified sample image; acquiring a pulse point of the X-ray free electron laser, and sorting sample coordinates in the identified sample image on the basis of coordinates of the pulse point, to determine a scanning path of a fixed target sample; and performing fixed-point scanning on the fixed target sample on the basis of the scanning path. The present application realizes the identification and fixed-point scanning of a fixed target sample of an X-ray free electron laser, thereby improving the utilization rate, and further improving the experimental efficiency and the quality of data.

The application relates to a liquid sheet injection system and method for X-ray free electron laser experiments, which comprises a pneumatic nozzle device, a flow control device, a signal acquisition device and a vacuum device; the pneumatic nozzle device and the signal acquisition device are respectively arranged in the vacuum device, the pneumatic nozzle device comprises a tube assembly, a gas capillary and a liquid capillary are respectively arranged in the tube assembly, and the gas capillary and the liquid capillary are connected with the flow control device; the end of the liquid capillary comprises two symmetrically arranged flow guide inclined surfaces, two symmetrically arranged abutting inclined surfaces and a bottom surface, the flow guide inclined surfaces and the abutting inclined surfaces are alternately distributed around the bottom surface, and a first outlet is arranged on the bottom surface; a gas micro-flow channel is formed between the end inner wall of the tube assembly and the flow guide inclined surface, and a second outlet is arranged at the end of the tube assembly. The application utilizes the compression and shearing effect of high-speed gas on liquid to generate a free-flowing liquid sheet with a sub-micron thickness under vacuum.

The application relates to a kind of free electron laser electron beam and seed light arrival time jitter measurement methods, which utilize modulation section wave oscillator to realize energy exchange of electron beam and seed light in time t direction coincidence part, thereby forming energy modulation with seed light wavelength as period, utilize dispersion section to realize density modulation of electron beam in time t direction, utilize radiation section wave oscillator to realize amplification of radiation field, utilize microwave deflection cavity to realize conversion of electron beam time direction information to X direction of the plane where beam measurement target is located, utilize deflection magnet to realize conversion of electron beam energy direction information to Y direction of the plane where beam measurement target is located, and finally realize the purpose of detecting electron beam and seed light arrival time relative jitter by detecting the distance between complete electron beam center line on beam measurement target and the center line of the part where electron beam and seed light coincide.

The invention provides an adjustable tapering undulator and device based on beat frequency superposition and a method for broadening a spectrum, and is applied to the technical field of synchrotron radiation and the technical field of free electron laser. The undulator comprises a first magnetic array structure which comprises a plurality of groups of first permanent magnet units and is used for generating a first magnetic field; the second magnetic array structure comprises a plurality of groups of second permanent magnet units and is used for generating a second magnetic field; the phase shift driving structure is used for responding to a target superposed magnetic field after the beat frequency superposition of the first magnetic field and the second magnetic field, and determining the beat frequency magnetic period length of the target superposed magnetic field according to the first magnetic period length and the second magnetic period length; and according to the tapering requirement of the undulator, determining a target phase shift from a target beat frequency envelope constructed based on the attribute parameters of the adjustable tapering undulator and the beat frequency magnetic period length, and driving the phase shift driving structure to enable the first magnetic array structure and / or the second magnetic array structure to translate along the advancing direction of the electron beam.

A directed energy firefighting device is disclosed to extinguish fires with light, comprising a structured light generator and a directed energy controller for detecting and extinguishing fires remotely and at the speed of light. The device employs structured directed light energy capable of inducing atmospheric avalanche breakdown, generating at least one of sound waves and shockwaves, and dynamically forming space-time acoustic arrays for precise fire suppression. The system may integrate one or more energy sources, including gyrotrons, traveling wave tubes, klystrons, free electron lasers, and others, to produce diffraction-resistant and dynamically structured beams that penetrate through the atmospheric and non-metalic solid physical obstructions. Key features also may include safety mechanisms and artificial intelligence for real-time optimization. Other applications include power beaming, environmental monitoring, medicine, disaster response, and orbital debris clearing are also discussed. A key feature is the ability for arbitrary manipulation of light over large areas.

This group of inventions describes a group of devices based on a detonation engine. 1. Detonation engine as propulsion for aircraft, rocket system, space missile, space system 2. Detonation engine as the basis for energy systems 3. Detonation engine as the basis for a gas laser 4. Detonation engine as the basis for a free electron laser 5. Detonation engine as the basis for a cannon

The application provides a femtosecond ultrafast diffraction imaging system and method based on an X-ray free electron laser, and relates to the field of X-ray free electron lasers. The X-ray free electron laser femtosecond ultrafast diffraction imaging system provided by the application comprises an X-ray light source for emitting X-ray free electron laser; a light path focusing mechanism arranged on the light path of the X-ray free electron laser and used for focusing the X-ray free electron laser; a light control mechanism arranged on the light path of the X-ray free electron laser focused by the light path focusing mechanism and forming a light control slit; a sample target arranged at the focal point of the X-ray free electron laser; a sample target arranged at the focal point of the X-ray free electron laser; a single photon response detection mechanism arranged in the diffraction light path generated after the X-ray free electron laser bombards the sample and used for collecting a diffraction pattern; and a phase workstation electrically connected with the single photon response detection mechanism and used for collecting diffraction pattern data and performing phase recovery.

The application discloses an ultrathin diamond clamping device, which comprises, from top to bottom, a graphite pressing block, a polycrystalline diamond limiting sheet, a polycrystalline diamond bottom sheet, a graphite bottom plate and graphite screws for fixing the above-mentioned elements; the polycrystalline diamond limiting sheet is provided with at least one rectangular notch, and the limiting groove for positioning the ultrathin diamond crystal sheet is formed by the rectangular notch and the polycrystalline diamond bottom sheet; the graphite pressing block covers the ultrathin diamond crystal sheet, the graphite screws pass through the graphite pressing block, the polycrystalline diamond limiting sheet and the polycrystalline diamond bottom sheet in sequence and are connected with the graphite bottom plate, the graphite pressing block is extruded by twisting the graphite screws, pressure is applied to the ultrathin diamond crystal sheet to realize clamping. According to the application, the ultrathin diamond clamping device has the advantages of low thermal load, small clamping stress, small radiation damage and the like, reliably supports the stable and efficient generation of the seed laser by the monochromator, and finally helps to realize the high-stability operation of the fully-coherent free electron laser.

The invention provides an X-ray free electron laser pulse transmission simulation method. The method comprises the steps that a three-dimensional light field of an X-ray free electron laser pulse light field generated through simulation is acquired; according to the type of the X-ray free electron laser pulse, different dimension reduction methods are selected, and a probability density distribution function of the X-ray free electron laser pulse in the six-dimensional phase space is determined; and selecting the random scatter points based on the probability density distribution function corresponding to the X-ray free electron laser pulse, and determining a target light source model of the X-ray free electron laser pulse light field in the six-dimensional phase space so as to evaluate the free electron laser pulse in the beam line. Six-dimensional phase space distribution is reduced to low dimension, six-dimensional phase space scatter points are obtained, transmission simulation of free electron laser pulses in a beam line is further carried out, the calculation speed is higher compared with a wave optics method, and rapid evaluation of transmission of XFEL pulses in the beam line is achieved.

This invention relates to an X-ray free-electron laser shutter system, comprising a vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber has an entrance flange on its front side and an exit flange on its rear side. The light beam enters the vacuum chamber through the entrance flange and exits outwards through the exit flange. The key feature is that the vacuum chamber is equipped with a front light-blocking arm and a rear light-blocking arm. Another technical solution of this invention provides a control method for the X-ray free-electron laser shutter system. This invention achieves both damage resistance and radiation blocking by combining a damage-resistant light-blocking plate with a heavy metal light-blocking plate. The easily removable damage-resistant light-blocking plate acknowledges its potential for damage and utilizes its working lifespan to achieve light blocking. An interlocking mechanism that burns through the detector ensures that the shutter will not damage downstream equipment due to failure. The use of dual light-blocking arms and an electromagnet to control the on / off time difference between the two light-blocking arms achieves a millisecond-level window time, greatly reducing the requirements for light-blocking arm movement control.

The present application relates to the technical field of precision adjustment device of free electron laser accelerator, especially to a displacement table limiting device. The displacement table limiting device comprises a pitch angle limiting component, a yaw angle limiting component and a displacement limiting component. The pitch angle limiting component, the yaw angle limiting component and the displacement limiting component are arranged to independently undertake the functions of pitch angle over-limit limiting triggering, yaw angle over-limit limiting triggering and horizontal and vertical displacement over-limit limiting triggering, so that the angle limiting and the displacement limiting are independent of each other in function and do not interfere with each other, the decoupling of the angle limiting and the displacement limiting is realized, the accuracy and reliability of the limiting are improved, and the collision of the focusing coil and its support seat with the surrounding equipment due to excessive movement can be effectively prevented, and the safety of the equipment is ensured.

The invention relates to a small-signal free radical infrared spectrum detection method. The method comprises the following steps: 1, acting photolysis laser on a precursor molecular beam source to obtain a free radical and precursor mixed beam source; 2, infrared laser and free electron laser act on the free radical and precursor mixed beam source to obtain a semi-excitation mixed ion beam source; 3, after the semi-excitation mixed ion beam source passes through an accelerator, a flight time difference T is formed between precursor ions and free ions in the semi-excitation mixed ion beam source; 4, the ion beam source enters a deflection electric field, a first electrode of the deflection electric field applies a voltage pulse signal set according to the flight time difference T, precursor ions deflect, move and are discharged when the voltage pulse signal exists, and the ion beam source enters a detector after passing through a reflector when the voltage pulse signal does not exist. Deflection, movement and discharge of precursor ions are realized in the deflection electric field, free radical ion signals can be increased, and measurement of small-signal free radical infrared spectrum is realized.

The application provides a detachable support for an attenuation sheet suitable for hard X-ray energy attenuation, and relates to the field of hard X-ray free electron lasers.The detachable support for the attenuation sheet suitable for hard X-ray energy attenuation comprises a base frame and a plurality of quick locking devices, and the front and back surfaces of the base frame are both provided with attenuation sheet placing grooves, and the central part of the attenuation sheet placing grooves is provided with a light passing hole, so that the attenuation sheets can be stacked for use, and the attenuation level is significantly improved; the quick locking device comprises a shell which is detachably connected with the base frame, a rotating shaft which penetrates through the top of the shell and can rotate is arranged in the shell, a knob is arranged on the top of the rotating shaft, a tongue depressor for pressing the attenuation sheet is arranged on the bottom of the rotating shaft, a spring is arranged around the rotating shaft, a slope and a tongue pressing groove are arranged on the shell, the spring can be compressed by lifting and rotating the knob, the tongue depressor slides into the tongue pressing groove or slides to the surface of the attenuation sheet along the slope, so that the function of quickly detaching and assembling the attenuation sheet is realized, the attenuation sheet with different shapes, different types and different thicknesses can be used, and the experiment interruption caused by replacing the attenuation sheet is reduced; the cooling pipeline is directly arranged in the base frame and is located below the attenuation sheet, the heat dissipation efficiency is high, and the heat accumulation problem of the energy attenuation sheet in the hard X-ray free electron laser is solved; thus, the productivity of the laboratory is improved, the risk of the equipment and the operating personnel is reduced, and the safety of the whole system is improved.

The application discloses a light source device, a system and a water window band full-coherent free electron laser generating method. The device comprises: a harmonic generation unit for connecting an electron beam and a seed laser and generating low-order harmonics; at least two cascaded amplifier units connected with the harmonic generation unit, for connecting the low-order harmonic radiation and generating coherent harmonic radiation, and for tuning the coherent harmonic laser to high-order harmonic radiation to obtain water window band full-coherent free electron laser pulses. The application constructs a multi-stage amplifier unit in the rear stage of the harmonic generation unit, and each subsequent amplifier unit is configured to resonate on a high-order harmonic of the radiation output by the previous amplifier unit, so that the harmonic radiation of the previous stage is used as the effective seed of the subsequent stage, the frequency is up-converted stage by stage, the frequency of the coherent radiation is converted to the target high-order harmonic stage by stage, and the water window band full-coherent free electron laser is obtained.

The invention provides a device for realizing single pulse absorption spectrum measurement by using free electron laser, and relates to the technical field of spectral analysis. The device comprises an XFEL light source, a pumping laser light source, a sample table and a delay table, the XFEL light source is used for emitting XFEL, the pumping laser light source is used for emitting pumping laser, and the delay table is arranged in a light path of the pumping laser; a front monopulse spectrometer, a rear monopulse spectrometer and a time diagnosis mechanism are sequentially arranged in a light path of the XFEL along the propagation direction of the XFEL, and a sample is positioned in the light path of the XFEL and the pumping laser. According to the invention, high-precision spectral measurement under single pulse of XFEL can be realized, the absorption spectrum of the sample to be measured can be accurately calculated, and the problem of instability of spectrum, intensity and position of each pulse of XFEL is solved. Meanwhile, by recording the data of each single pulse of the XFEL, the influence caused by instability is eliminated, and high-precision spectral measurement is realized.

The invention provides a compression storage method for high-repetition-frequency free electron laser diffraction imaging data, and relates to the crossing field of data compression storage and high-energy physical experiment technologies. The method comprises the following steps: 1) reading a data set from an original diffraction image, and uniformly converting the data set into an integer type; 2) determining the size parameter of the diffraction image; 3) traversing effective photon events in each frame of diffraction image, converting two-dimensional coordinates of the effective photon events into one-dimensional coordinates, storing the one-dimensional coordinates, and then, if the photon events are multi-photon events, independently storing pixel values of the multi-photon events; and 4) writing the data of the effective photon events compressed in the step 3) into a file according to a fixed sequence. Zero value pixel storage without signals can be eliminated, only the number, coordinates and counting information of the effective photon events are reserved in the compression process, zero value pixel storage without signals is eliminated, and the data volume is remarkably reduced.

The invention discloses an ultrathin diamond clamping device which comprises a graphite pressing block, a polycrystalline diamond limiting piece, a polycrystalline diamond bottom piece and a graphite bottom plate which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, and graphite screws used for fixing the elements. At least one rectangular notch is formed in the polycrystalline diamond limiting piece, and a limiting groove used for positioning the ultrathin diamond crystal piece is defined by the rectangular notch and the polycrystalline diamond bottom piece; the graphite pressing block covers the ultra-thin diamond crystal wafer, the graphite screw sequentially penetrates through the graphite pressing block, the polycrystalline diamond limiting piece and the polycrystalline diamond bottom piece and then is connected with the graphite bottom plate in a matched mode, the graphite pressing block is extruded by twisting the graphite screw, and pressure is applied to the ultra-thin diamond crystal wafer so that clamping can be achieved. According to the invention, the device has the advantages of low thermal load, small clamping stress, small radiation damage and the like, provides reliable support for a monochromator to stably and efficiently generate self-seed laser, and finally assists in realizing high-stability operation of full-coherent free electron laser.

The invention relates to a free electron laser, a light source device and a photoetching machine system. The free electron laser comprises a resonant cavity; a first undulator group, the first undulator group is arranged in a manner that an emergent light path is located on a resonant light path of the resonant cavity, the first undulator group is configured to interact with an electron beam to generate modulated light radiation, and the modulated light radiation is configured to modulate the electron beam; and a second undulator group, the second undulator group being arranged such that its emergent light path is located outside the resonant light path of the resonant cavity, the second undulator group being located downstream of the first undulator group, and the second undulator group being configured to interact with the modulated electron beam to generate target optical radiation.

This invention relates to a terahertz-X-ray generation device based on a free-electron laser, comprising an ultrafast laser system and, in sequence, an injector, a laser electron beam modulation system, a linear acceleration section, an X-ray radiation section, a terahertz radiation section, and an X-ray delay system. The ultrafast laser system includes an ultrafast laser, a pulse broadening and beam splitting system, a first beam splitter, and a first mirror. The ultrafast laser is configured to generate ultrafast laser pulses. The first beam splitter divides the ultrafast laser pulses into a first ultrafast laser path and a second ultrafast laser path. The first ultrafast laser path is transmitted to the injector, and the second ultrafast laser path is transmitted to the pulse broadening and beam splitting system. Upon receiving the first ultrafast laser path, the injector generates an electron beam. The pulse broadening and beam splitting system generates a double-pulse laser based on the second ultrafast laser path and transmits the double-pulse laser to the laser electron beam modulation system. The terahertz-X-rays generated by this invention exhibit high pulse energy, narrow spectral bandwidth, and good tunability.

The invention discloses a high-repetition-frequency X-ray free electron laser pulse measurement system which comprises an X-ray detection module, a first signal processing module, a second signal processing module and an acquisition display module. The X-ray detection module is used for receiving irradiation of X-ray free electron laser pulses and converting optical signals into current pulse signals through a photodiode. The first signal processing module is used for filtering and amplifying the current pulse signal and completing current-voltage conversion so as to generate a voltage pulse analog signal. And the second signal processing module is used for carrying out analog-to-digital conversion and pulse feature extraction on the voltage pulse analog signal so as to generate a voltage pulse digital signal and a corresponding pulse feature value. And the acquisition display module is used for acquiring and displaying the voltage pulse digital signal and the corresponding pulse characteristic value. The system can track and measure high-repetition-frequency X-ray pulses, large-dynamic-range accurate measurement of signal intensity is achieved, and technical support is provided for beam line diagnosis and incident light calibration.

A pulse synthesizer generating pulses by swapping electromagnetic radiation between two channels using a sequence of switches activated with various delay times. In one embodiment, the synthesizer comprises a slicing module is capable of slicing flexible pulse durations from a wide range (240-500GHz) of frequencies, using commercially available mirrors to generate pulses of arbitrary length (> 1 ns ) from a cw or quasi-cw THz beam. It is also modular and stackable, allowing pulses to be created by simply stacking boxes in series, and returns the additive channel and its complement, allowing concurrent measurement of beam parameters. The capabilities demonstrated here make the pulse slicer highly flexible and useful for a broad range of spectroscopic applications including FEL or gyrotron pulsed ESR and DNP.

The invention discloses tail field equipment, and relates to the technical field of particle acceleration, the tail field equipment is used for regulating and diagnosing free electron laser beam flow, and the tail field equipment comprises a vacuum chamber which extends along the beam flow direction and is used for providing a vacuum environment; the inner beam assembly is arranged in the vacuum chamber, the inner beam assembly comprises four groups of corrugated beams which are uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction of the vacuum chamber, the four groups of corrugated beams are symmetrically arranged relative to the center of the axis of the beam, a gap between every two adjacent corrugated beams extends in the radial direction of the vacuum chamber, and the four groups of corrugated beams define a beam channel through which the beam passes; the vacuum chamber is fixedly arranged on the supporting structure; the transmission structure is arranged on the supporting structure, each folded beam is at least provided with a hanging rod, and the transmission structure is in driving connection with the hanging rods so as to drive the four sets of folded beams to synchronously move in the radial direction, and then the distance between the four sets of folded beams is adjusted. According to the technical scheme, the tail field intensity of the tail field equipment is convenient to adjust.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing neutral water clusters with a specific size distribution. The instruments and equipment used include: a multifunctional gas distribution system, an Even-Lavie valve, a tunable extreme ultraviolet free electron laser, and a high-resolution reflective time-of-flight mass spectrometer. In the gas distribution system, water vapor, argon, and helium are mixed under heating conditions to form a high-pressure mixed gas. The mixed gas is ejected through a heatable Even-Lavie valve to form a pulsed cluster beam, which is selectively ionized by an extreme ultraviolet free electron laser of a specific wavelength and then detected by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. According to the test results, by optimizing the gas distribution conditions, the size distribution formed by the Even-Lavie valve can be obtained as (H2O) n , 1≤n≤m, 1≤m≤80 water clusters.

The invention provides a free electron laser beam expanding and diagnosing system, and relates to the field of free electron laser beam transmission. The free electron laser beam expanding and diagnosing system provided by the invention comprises a vacuum cavity, wherein an incident beam diagnosis device, a first beam expanding lens, a second beam expanding lens, a middle beam diagnosis device and a wavefront beam diagnosis device are sequentially arranged in the vacuum cavity. The incident beam diagnosis device comprises a first importer and a first scintillator, the lifting end of the first importer is connected with the first scintillator, and the first scintillator is provided with a first aim point. The middle beam diagnosis device comprises a second importer and a second scintillator, the lifting end of the second importer is connected with the second scintillator, and the second scintillator is provided with a second aim point. A first observation window and a second observation window are further arranged on the side wall of the vacuum cavity, the first observation window is used for observing the first scintillator, and the second observation window is used for observing the second scintillator. The wavefront beam diagnosis device comprises a Hartmann board and an area array detector, and the area array detector is arranged at the rear end of the Hartmann board. The first beam expander and the second beam expander are arranged in the vacuum cavity, and the modes of incident beam diagnosis, middle beam diagnosis and wavefront beam diagnosis cannot be adopted, so that beam expansion of the free electron laser is realized, the divergence angle of the free electron laser is increased, and the length of a beam line is reduced.

The application relates to a seed laser focusing and delaying device and method of a free electron laser, the free electron laser comprising an electron beam generating device, a first modulation section, a first dispersion section, a second modulation section, a second dispersion section and a radiation section, the seed laser focusing and delaying device being integrated in a vacuum chamber of the first dispersion section, the seed laser focusing and delaying device comprising a delay plate, a first lens and a second lens, the delay plate being used for time matching of an optical delay amount of the seed laser and an electron beam delay amount of the first dispersion section, and the first lens and the second lens being used for spatial matching of the seed laser and the electron beam in the second modulation section.

A pulse synthesizer generating pulses by swapping electromagnetic radiation between two channels using a sequence of switches activated with various delay times. In one embodiment, the synthesizer comprises a slicing module is capable of slicing flexible pulse durations from a wide range (240-500GHz) of frequencies, using commercially available mirrors to generate pulses of arbitrary length (> 1 ns ) from a cw or quasi-cw THz beam. It is also modular and stackable, allowing pulses to be created by simply stacking boxes in series, and returns the additive channel and its complement, allowing concurrent measurement of beam parameters. The capabilities demonstrated here make the pulse slicer highly flexible and useful for a broad range of spectroscopic applications including FEL or gyrotron pulsed ESR and DNP.