A method and an apparatus for recovery and deep treatment of a polluted acid. The method comprises the following main steps: (1) selectively adsorbing rare and noble metals, such as rhenium, selenium and the like; (2) separating copper from arsenic to recover the copper; (3) carrying out efficient vulcanization to perform deep arsenic removal; (4) carrying out electrodialysis to pre-concentrate acid; (5) evaporating and concentrating the acid; (6) carrying out an air-stripping method to remove fluorine and chlorine. The polluted acid treatment apparatus mainly comprises a precision filtering tank, a special adsorbing tank, a copper-arsenic separation device, a vulcanization device, an electrodialysis device, an evaporative concentration device, and an air-stripping device. The method and the apparatus can implement efficient recovery of valuable elements in polluted acid wastewater and separate treatment harmful elements, has obvious economical, social and environmental benefits, and has wide application prospects.