The invention discloses a casting system and casting method of a cylinder barrel. The casting system comprise a casting mold cavity and a pouring system, wherein the casting cavity comprises a cylinder barrel cavity body, a through hole is axially formed in the cylinder barrel cavity body, the cylinder barrel cavity body is composed of a cylinder barrel head part and a middle body part, the diameter of the cylinder barrel head part is larger than that of the middle body part, a radial protruding block is arranged on the cylinder barrel head part, and a supporting fixing hole and an oil passagehole are formed in the protruding block; the pouring system comprises a sprue, a transverse runner and an inner sprue, the sprue vertically communicates with the transverse runner, the two ends of the transverse runner communicate with the inner sprue through risers, and the inner sprue communicates with a convex block of the casting cavity; and the supporting fixing hole is filled with a first sand core, and an axial through hole of the cylinder barrel cavity body is filled with a second sand core. The casting system has the advantages that parts with the wall thickness of a casting are notprone to shrinkage and loosening defect generating, particularly, the casting defect is not easy to occur among the supporting fixing hole, the oil passage hole and the inner surface of the cylinder barrel, and a chill structure cannot be easily generated in parts with the thin wall thickness.