The invention discloses an intelligent bridge detection system based on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The intelligent bridge detection system comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle body and a ground station control center, wherein the unmanned aerial vehicle body is provided with an image data acquisition apparatus, a flight control module, an automatic navigation module, an ultrasonic distance measurement module, a GPS module and a wireless transmission module, the ground station control center comprises a central control module, a route simulation processing module, a human-machine interaction module, an image analysis and processing module, a display module, a storage module and a wireless transmission module, the flight control module is respectively electrically connected with the image data acquisition apparatus, the automatic navigation module, the ultrasonic distance measurement module, the GPS module and the wireless transmission module, and the central control module is respectively electrically connected with the route simulation processing module, the human-machine interaction module, the image analysis and processing module, the display module, the storage module and the wireless transmission module. By adopting the intelligent bridge detection system, the detection precision is high, and the road traffic is not influenced.