The invention belongs to the technical field of sludge treatment, and particularly relates to a rapid concentration and purification treatment device and method for hydrate sludge. The device comprises a reaction kettle shell, an upper end cover, a refrigerant filling port, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a sludge filling port, a fastening bolt, a gasket, a first hydrate storage tank, a second hydrate storage tank, a front baffle, a rear baffle, a support, a manual rocking handle, a horizontal linear lead screw, a first objective table, a sliding door, a right baffle, a refrigerant tank, a sludge residue storage device, a water pump, a second objective table, a centrifugal machine, a dissociation reaction kettle, a fixing device, a three-way connector, a first water outlet of the dissociation reaction kettle, a second water outlet of the dissociation reaction kettle, a purified water collecting tank, trundles, an intelligent controller, a positioner, a driver, a stepping motor, a control panel, a PC end, a coil pipe, an upper baffle, a filter screen, a sliding block, a clamping ring, a test tube, a heat preservation box, a safety valve and a liquid storage device. The device has the advantages of functional complementation, low energy consumption and high efficiency.