845 results about "Abdominal distension" patented technology

The invention relates to a composite probiotic bacterium microecological preparation and a preparation method thereof. The preparation is prepared by mixing 1.0 to 20 percent of composite microbial bacterium powder, 5.0 to 50 percent of composite oligosaccharide, 30 to 80 percent of auxiliary protective carrier and 0.1 to 0.2 percent of edible essence. The composite probiotic bacterium microecological preparation is prepared from a beneficial microbial preparation and a microbial growth-promoting factor, namely the oligosaccharide, through special combination and technological recombination. The composite probiotic bacterium microecological preparation has the advantages that beneficial active bacteria and the oligosaccharide promote each other, so that the composite probiotic bacterium microecological preparation has the advantages of obviously improving the microecological environment of the whole intestine and contributing to the digestion, preventing and treating intestine diseases, treating diarrhea, chronic diarrhea, diarrhea which can not be cured by antibiotic, constipation, dyspepsia and abdominal distension which are caused by intestine dysbacteriosis, recovering the intestine flora balance, protecting the liver, reinforcing the functions of detoxication and toxin expulsion of the liver, reinforcing the disease prevention and resistance such as the resistance of human body, and the like.

The invention discloses a new Chinese medicinal composition for treating diseases of weakness of spleen and stomach and indigestion, and a preparation method thereof. The Chinese medicinal composition mainly comprises the following raw material medicaments: stir-fried medicated leaven, scorch-fried crataegus, stir-fried barley sprout, scorch-fried areca, chicken's gizzard-membrane, cassia bark, dried ginger, rhizoma corydalis, nutgrass galingale rhizome, costustoot, combined spicebush root, Indian buead, swordlike atractylodes rhizome, officinal magnolia bark, fortune eupatorium herb, fructus amomi, tsaoko amomum fruit, nutmeg, fresh membranous milkvetch root, pilose asiabell root, common yam rhizome, Chinese angelica, white paeony root, baical skullcap root, lightyellow sophora root, fresh rehmannia root, tree peony bark, combined spicebush root, anemarrhena asphodeloides bunge, Mongolian snakegourd root, common lophatherum herb, ash bark, bunge cherry seed, fructus cannabis and rhubarb. The Chinese medicinal composition can be prepared into any common oral preparation by a general method for preparing a Chinese medicinal preparation. The Chinese medicinal composition can obviously improve symptoms of the weakness of spleen and the indigestion, obviously improves stomach duct dull pain, glomus and fullness, and abdominal distension, obviously improves appetite, improves diet amount, and has exact clinical curative effect, obvious curative effect and quick response. The Chinese medicinal composition basically combines medicinal and edible medicaments specified in national pharmacopoeia, so the Chinese medicinal composition has the advantages of low cost, basically no toxic or side effects and the like.

The invention relates to a capsule for forcedly improving the immunity, which is a capsule formulation prepared by traditional Chinese medicines of parasites detoxifying and destroying type, heat dry dampness clearing, detoxifying and blood cooling type, cough and asthma relieving and phlegm reducing type, temperature cooling and exterior relieving type, kidney warming and yang enhancing type, health building type, resolving damp with aromatics and blood enriching type, qi invigorating type, spleen and stomach strengthening and interior warming type, invigorating blood circulation by removing blood stasis type, liver soothing and qi regulating type, yin tonifying and converging type, digestion helping type, liver clearing, vision helping and resuscitation inducing type, deswelling and pain stopping type, heart nourishing as well as fever reducing and fire purging type according to a certain preparation method. The capsule has the functions as follows: forcedly improving the immunity, clearing away heat and toxic material, detoxifying and destroying parasites, soothing the liver and regulating qi, invigorating blood circulation by removing blood stasis, building health, invigorating qi and enriching blood, regulating qi and stopping pain, inducing diuresis and excreting dampness, eliminating phlegm, relieving cough and asthma, warming kidney and enhancing yang, invigorating the spleen and stomach and the like. The capsule has effects for various headaches, dizzy and neurasthenia, and various intestinal tract diseases, abdominal pains and abdominal distension, and various waist and leg pains and various tumors, and can cure diseases when in ill, build body when not in ill, and can achieve the goal of healthy and long life if the long-term or discontinuous taking is carried out.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine combination and a preparation method thereof for chronic enteritis treatment; the traditional Chinese medicine combination mainly includes the following raw medicines: crude radix astragali, Chinese yam, bighead atractylodes rhizome, rhizoma smilacis glabrae, honeysuckle, taraxacum officinale root, medicated leaven, burnt malt, atraotydin, mangnolia officinalis, dried tangerine or orange peel, plantain seed, scutellaria baicalensis, the rhizome of Chinese goldthread, limonite, semen euryales, fructus rosae laevigatae, liriope, fructus amomi, starwort root, schisandra, acorus gramineus, medlar, cyperus rotundus and the like The traditional Chinese medicine combination can be prepared into any type of common oral preparation according to the conventional traditional Chinese medicine preparation method. The invention can significantly improve the symptoms of chronic diarrhea, paroxysmal abdominal pain, dyspepsia, indigestion, loose stool, abdominal distension, emaciation, limb fatigue and doldrums, and also has definite clinical curative effect, significant curative and quick effect. As the traditional Chinese medicine combination basically combines medicinal and edible medicine sources specified in the National Formulary, the traditional Chinese medicine combination has low cost and basically has no toxic and side effect.

The invention discloses a new Chinese medicinal composition for treating the symptom of gallstones and a preparation method thereof. The Chinese medicinal composition mainly comprises the following raw material medicaments: pangolin scales, immature bitter orange, curcuma aromatica, green tangerine peel, chicken's gizzard-membrane, peach seed, safflower, common burreed rhizome, zedoary, rhizoma corydalis, frankincense, myrrh, dragon's blood, Chinese honeylocust spine, root of red-rooted salvia, sappan wood, dried lacquer, turtle shell, rhubarb, Chinese dwarf cherry seed, golden thread, honeysuckle, artemisia capillaries, longhairy antenoron herb, pantain seed, talc and Japanese climbing fern spore. The Chinese medicinal composition of the invention can be prepared into any common oral administration preparation according to the conventional method of Chinese medicinal preparations. The Chinese medicinal composition can improve symptoms such as pain, paroxysmal aggravation, abdominal distension, bitter taste, constipation, yellow urine, ictericsclera, yellow body and the like which are caused by gallstones obviously, call away the gallstones, bile duct stones and stones in intrahepatic bile ducts, and has the definite clinical curative effect and obvious curative effect on the treatment of cholecystitis. The Chinese medicinal composition has the advantages of low cost, no toxic or side effect basically and the like.

The invention discloses a new traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating chronic hepatitis and a preparation method thereof. The traditional Chinese medicine composition mainly comprises the following Chinese medicinal herbs of dried orange peel, rhizoma cyperi, pericarpium citri reticulatae viride, radix scrophulariae, root of rehmannia, folium isatidis, root of kudzu vine, houttuynia cordata, indigo naturalis, peach kernel, red flower, radix paeoniae alba, Tuckahoe, rhizoma alismatis, oriental wormwood, desmodium, polygonum cuspidatum, root of red-rooted salvia, radix bupleuri, angelica sinensis, herba lycopi, earthworm, goldthread, felwort and root bark of the peony tree. The traditional Chinese medicine composition can be prepared into a common oral preparation according to a conventional traditional Chinese medicine preparation method. The invention can remarkably improve the symptoms of mild acratia, inappetence, abdominal distension, pain over the liver and the like of chronic persisting hepatitis, and can improve the symptoms of asthenia, poor appetite, abdominal distension, semiliquid, pain over the liver, poor complexion, poorer health, manpower reduction, hepatomegaly accompanied with haphalgesia and rap pain, and splenomegaly of the chronic active hepatitis and the symptoms of jaundice, spider angioma, liver palms, acne and the like caused by the chronic hepatitis. The invention can also improve the symptoms of long-term obvious dysfunction of liver, ALT continuous increase or repeated fluctuation, albumin reduction, globulin increase, gamma globulin or IgG increase, time extension of protrombin time, capability of positive reaction in self antibody and rheumatoid factors, capability of circulating immune complex increase, capability of addiments C3 and C4 reduction and the like, and has accurate remarkable clinical treatment effect and rapid effect taking.

The invention discloses a new traditional Chinese medicine combination and a preparation method for intestinal obstruction treatment; the raw materials of the traditional Chinese medicine combination include: agilawood, dalbergia wood, rhizome corydalis, sunburn frankincense, sunburn myrrh, rhizoma acori graminei, immature bitter orange, rhizome cyperi, cyperus rotundus, pangolins, szechwan chinaberry fruit, birthwor root, peach kernel, safflower, aspongopus, bunge cherry seed, ligusticum wallichii, salvia miltiorrhiza bunge, angelica, white paenoy root and the like. The traditional Chinese medicine combination can be prepared into any type of common oral preparation according to the conventional traditional Chinese medicine preparation method. The invention can significantly improve the symptoms of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, acute pain, intestinal obstruction, intestinal spasm and intestinal flatulence and the symptoms of vomit, body energy loss and difficult defecate caused by the former symptoms, has definite clinical curative effect, significant curative and quick effect. As the traditional Chinese medicine combination basically combines medicinal and edible medicine sources specified in the National Formulary, the traditional Chinese medicine combination has low cost and basically has no toxic and side effect.

The invention belongs to the field of biological agents and discloses triple probiotics viable bacteria powder obtained by whole oat mixed solid-state fermentation utilizing various probiotics direct-adding reagents. The triple probiotics viable bacteria powder contains bifidobacterium lactis V9, lactobacillus plantarum P-8 and lactobacillus casei Zhang, and is prepared by taking whole oat powder as a fermentation substrate, and has excellent gastrointestinal tract digestive juice endurance capacity, is capable of improving a bacterial community structure of human intestinal tracts, capable of regulating blood lipid metabolism and capable of improving pathogenic infection resistance of intestinal tracts, and effectively prevents and relieves irritable bowel syndromes such as diarrhea, constipation, stomachache, abdominal distension.

The invention discloses a special nutritional supplement agent for preoperative patients. The nutritional supplement agent contains maltodextrin, levulose, glutamine, sodium ions and potassium ions. When the preoperative nutritional agent is taken, the nutritional agent can be compounded into an isotonic solution of which the osmotic pressure level is similar to that of plasma, so that the possibility of diarrhoea caused by that a great deal of liquid enters intestinal tracts through tissues due to osmotic pressure differences can be obviated; the feeling that an operation patient feels thirsty and tired can be obviously improved, and the symptoms of nausea, vomit, diarrhoea, abdominal distension and the like cannot be caused; complete emptying can be realized within 79-107 minutes, and experiments confirm that taking the nutritional agent for 2 hours before the operation is safe; in addition, the nutritional agent also has good effects of improving insulin resistance and maintaining intestinal mucosal barriers.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating icterohepatitis and a preparation method thereof. The traditional Chinese medicine composition mainly comprises the following Chinese medicinal herbs: stem of capillary sagebrush, coptis, kudzu-vine root, honeysuckle flower, chrysanthemum, gypsum, rhizoma anemarrhenae, radix bupleuri, gardenia, isatis root, dyer woad leaf, cordate houttuynia, redroot gromwell root, radix geutianae, radix sophorae flavescentis, ash bark, rheum officinale, antelope's horn, folium mori, poria cocos, talcum, rhizoma alismatis, semen plantaginis, herba lysimachiae, rhizoma cyperi, wrinkled giant hyssop, rhizoma atractylodis, officinal magnolia bark, rosewood heart wood, pangolin, agilawood, baical skullcap root, taraxacum officinale root, herba violae and radix scrophulariae. The traditional Chinese medicine composition can be prepared into any one common oral preparation according to the conventional traditional Chinese medicine preparation method. The invention can remarkably improve the symptoms of jaundice, strength lacking, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, liver distending pain, abdominal distension, constipation or diarrhea, skin itch, liver polycystic swelling, compact texture and pressing pain, rap pain, dysfunction of liver and the like caused by the icterohepatitis. Because the traditional Chinese medicine composition is combined by adopting medicinal and edible medicinal herbs specified in the Nation Formulary basically, the invention has the advantages of low cost, no toxic or side effect and the like.

The invention discloses a method for preparing poria cocos and hericium erinaceus nutrition powder. The method comprises the following steps: taking poria cocos and hericium erinaceus as main raw materials, preprocessing the raw materials, pulping, carrying out enzyme treatment, homogenizing, and carrying out spray drying to prepare the nutrition powder. The defect that nutritional substances of existing poria cocos and hericium erinaceus powder cannot be completely separated out is overcome; the nutrition powder prepared by the method is comprehensive in nutrition, good in instant solubility, pure in flavor and good in mouth feel, combines the nutritional ingredients of the poria cocos and the hericium erinaceus, and has the effects of clearing damp, promoting diuresis, removing toxin, resisting cancers, promoting circulation of vital energy, helping digestion, tonifying spleen, promoting appetite, removing abdominal distension and pain, calming nerves and benefiting brain.

The invention discloses a Chinese materia medica preparation for treating borborygmus diarrhoea and a preparation method thereof. The Chinese materia medica preparation comprises the following components: Chinese pulsatilla root, common yam rhizome, stir-fried gordon euryale seed, parslane herb, costus root, nutmeg, largehead atractylodes rhizome, poria, voilet, longstamen onion bulb, areca peel, golden thread and tangerine peel. When the patient also obviously suffers from lumbago, cold intolerance, hypogastric pain and diarrhoea when getting up in the morning, the Chinese materia medica preparation is added with cassia bark, south dodder seed, Chinese magnoliavine fruit and rehmannia glutinosa. When the patient suffers from obvious bellyache, abdominal distension and pain reduction after diarrhoea, the Chinese materia medica preparation is added with officinal magnolia bark, bitter orange, white paeony root, kudzu-vine root and divaricate saposhnikovia root. When the patient suffers from poor appetite and apepsia, the Chinese materia medica preparation is added with charred triplet and chicken's gizzard-membrane. The Chinese materia medica preparation of the invention has effects of calming the liver and relieving pain, regulating Qi and strengthening the spleen, tonifying spleen, lungs and kidney, tonifying middle-Jiao and Qi and lifting yang and relieving diarrhea, mainly treats symptoms of acute and chronic enteritis, colonitis, borborygmus diarrhoea caused by liver-yang hyperactivity and weak spleen and stomach, poor appetite and loose stools, limb tiredness and hypodynamia, pain releasing after diarrhoea, repeated attacks and the like, has simple formula and low manufacturing cost and can be popularized and used.

The invention discloses a medicine for treating gastrectasia and a preparation method of the medicine for treating the gastrectasia. The medicine for treating the gastrectasia is mainly prepared by rhizoma bletillae, codonopsis pilosula, semen raphani, pericarpium citri reticulatae, mangnolia officinalis, endothelium corneum gigeriae galli, salviae miltiorrhizae, ligusticum wallichii, radix polygonati officinalis, medicated leaven, Chinese-date, pinellia ternate, elecampane, rhizoma zingiberis, fructus aurantii, perilla fruit, peach kernel, angelica sinensis, ochre, magnet, poria cocos and mentha haplocalyx according to a certain weight ratio. The medicine for treating the gastrectasia has the functions of tonifying spleen and stomach, conditioning intestines and stomach, relieving choking sensation in chest and abdominal distension, helping digestion and reconciling the block of the middle warmer, and tonifying stomach and promoting fluid and is short in course of treatment, quick in effect, of no occurrence after treatment and free from toxic and side effects.

The invention discloses a method for making dehydrated Chinese yam pieces, and the process flow comprises the following steps: selecting materials; washing; slicing and protecting color; drying with hot air; penetrating; drying with hot air. The Chinese yam piece prepared by the invention is processed by the steps of color protection, drying, penetration of nutrition and health liquid and drying, thereby increasing rehydration performance and enriching nutrition and health value; wherein, semen cuscutae has the efficacies for recuperating kidney and benefiting essence of life, nourishing live and improving eyesight, resisting bacterial infection, reducing blood pressure; purslane has the efficacies for clearing heat and detoxifying, sterilizing, diminishing inflammation; dried orange peel and grape leaf has the efficacies for moving qi, removing food retention, eliminating abdominal distension; Chinese yam piece can be rehydrated by warm water with white color, sweet taste and tender mouthfeel, and the product is suitable for various population to eat.

The invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine with the effect of improving digestion and a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine comprises the following ingredients: endothelium corneum gigeriae galli, semen raphani, hawthorn, medicated leaven, dried tangerine or orange peel, ginger and poria. Semen raphani and medicated leaven in the traditional Chinese medicine have the effects of improving digestion and relieving abdominal distension; endothelium corneum gigeriae galli, hawthorn and dried tangerine or orange peel have the effects of regulating qi and enhancing spleen and stomach digestion; ginger and poria can promote appetite, regulate the middle warmer, strengthen the middle warmer and invigorate stomach. Therefore, the traditional Chinese medicine can solve the symptoms of dyspepsia and food retention, has no toxic or side effects, does no harm to health of a human body, and can further avoid dyspepsia which is caused by adopting western medicine to treat diseases.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine combination and a preparation method for intestinal depression disease treatment; the traditional Chinese medicine combination includes the following raw materials: rhizoma acori graminei, semen raphani, dried tangerine, immature bitter orange, medicated leaven, fried malt, costustoot, cyperus rotundus, storax, agilawood, dalbergia wood, bunge cherry seed, angelica, white paeony root, rehmannia glutinosa, dendrobe, radix polygonati officinalis, ligusticum wallichii, radix asparagi, liriope, medlar, radices trichosanthis, gypsum, the root of kudzu vine, rhizome of Chinese goldthread and scutellaria baicalensis. The traditional Chinese medicine combination can be prepared into any type of common oral preparation according to the conventional traditional Chinese medicine preparation method. The invention can significantly improve the symptoms of abdominal distension, abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, belching, body energy loss and loss of appetite, and also has definite clinical curative effect, significant curative and quick effect. As the traditional Chinese medicine combination basically combines medicinal and edible medicine sources specified in the National Formulary, the traditional Chinese medicine combination has low cost and basically has no toxic and side effect.

The invention discloses antimicrobial-free feed for young rex rabbits. The antimicrobial-free feed comprises corn, extruded soybean, wheat middling, bran, bean pulp, alfalfa, corn bran, rice bran and hull, rapeseed meal, premix feed, pine needle meal, sawdust, glucose, distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), calcium hydrophosphate, vitamin complex, zeolite powder, methionine, lysine, salt, choline, phytogenic feed additives, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc oxide, potassium iodide, sodium selenite, cobalt chloride, phytogenic feed additives and zeolite powder. By means of the antimicrobial-free feed, antibiotic is not required to be added into the feed, palatability of the feed is good, disease resistance of the young rabbits can be improved, intestinal infection is prevented, intestinal canal development is promoted, occurrence rate of diarrhea and abdominal distension is reduced, and survival rate is improved. Growth rate of the young rabbits can be increased, and hair follicle development is promoted.

A golden flower huajuan tea is varnished outside and chocolate brown inside with bright red liquor color, fragrant fungus flower and mild taste. The present invention has the efficacy of improving sleep, quenching thirst and helping produce saliva, coordinating intestines and stomach, promoting digestion, dissolving fatness, curing abdominal distension and diarrhea, eliminating fat, lowering blood sugar and blood pressure, etc.

The invention relates to a Shangxia beverage for relaxing bowels obtained by natural plants, such as semen raphani, fructus cannabis, semen pruni and water-soluble dietary fibers and a preparation method of the Shangxia beverage for relaxing bowels. The animal and human experiments prove that the Shangxia beverage for relaxing bowels has a good effect on relaxing bowels. The Shangxia beverage for relaxing bowels has the health care effects on improving dry stool, difficult defecation and abdominal distension and abdominal pain etc., thereby being suitable for various crowds suffering from constipation to drink.

The present disclosure is directed to compositions comprising Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7484, Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7485, and Pediococcus acidilactici CECT 7483 or a mutant or variant thereof. This composition is useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases or conditions such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, or abdominal distension and bloating.

The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for relieving menstrual pain. The traditional Chinese medicine composition comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10 to 20 parts of angelica sinensis, 8 to 12 parts of leonurus, 15 to 25 parts of safflower carthamus, 15 to 25 parts of saussurea involucrate, 15 to 25 parts of folium artemisiae argyi, 25 to 35 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis, 15 to 25 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 10 to 20 parts of rhodiola rosea, 16 to 28 parts of fructus cnidii, 10 to 15 parts of rhizoma acori graminei, 5 to 10 parts of groundsel, 15 to 25 parts of cortex phellodendri, 25 to 35 parts of radix stemonae, 6 to 10 parts of borneol, and 8 to 12 parts of menthol. The invention also relates to a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition. The preparation method comprises the following steps: heating and decocting traditional Chinese medicines by grade; separating the leaves; then concentrating the liquid to obtain the traditional Chinese medicine composition. The traditional Chinese medicine composition can be used for preparing hygienic products, and is applicable to treatment of spasmodic pain in hypogastrium, menstrual disorder, abdominal distension, lumbago, general malaise and other symptoms occurring before, after or during menstruation.

The invention provides a composition and a health-care product with stomach-invigorating and digestion-promoting functions. The composition comprises, by weight, 5-50 parts of yeast powder, 10-80 parts of hawthorn fruit, and 1-30 parts of stir-fried malt. Preferably, the composition comprises 10-30 parts of yeast powder, 30-60 parts of hawthorn fruit, and 10-25 parts of stir-fried malt. More preferably, the composition comprises 10-25 parts of yeast powder, 40-50 parts of hawthorn fruit, and 15-20 parts of stir-fried malt. The health-care product prepared by using the composition has effects against symptoms of appetite loss, indigestion, abdominal distension, and the like. The health-care product also has the advantages of convenient administration, easy-to-control production process, stable quality, and the like.

The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating surgical intestinal adhesions. The traditional Chinese medicine preparation is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 19-23 parts of radish seed, 10-14 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 10-14 parts of fructus aurantii, 10-14 parts of ligusticum wallichii, 10-14 parts of fructus toosendan, 13-17 parts of red-rooted salvia root, 10-14 parts of common peony root, 10-14 parts of peach kernel, 10-14 parts of red flower, 10-14 parts of bighead atractylodes rhizome, 8-10 parts of costustoot, 19-23 parts of rheum officinale, 5-7 parts of coke hawthorn, 5-7 parts of coke malt, 5-7 parts of coke medicated leaven, 8-10 parts of rhizoma corydalis, 19-23 parts of astragalus membranaceus and 8-10 parts of mirabilite. The traditional Chinese medicine preparation has the advantages of simple preparation process, convenient use, no toxic or side effects, obvious curative effect and low price, and good curative effect on stomachaches, abdominal distensions, unsmooth exhaust, dry stools, intestinal obstructions, and the like caused by intestinal adhesions and is suitable for treating symptoms of stomachaches, abdominal distensions, emesia, constipations, and the like caused by abdominal operations and simple adhesive intestinal obstructions.

The invention relates to a longan functional drink and a method for preparing the same. The method comprises the following steps of: mixing desired longan pulp with other various raw materials and adding water to the mixture to a certain volume, boiling the mixture until the temperature is in the range of 80-100 DEG C, preserving heat for 20-40 minutes, grinding by using a pulp refiner until the particle granularity is about 15-20 microns, and filtering to obtain longan mixed juice; inoculating the longan mixed juice with sbacillus containing a manganese superoxide dismutase gene for fermentation culture; and keeping in cold storage, thereby obtaining the longan functional drink. The obtained longan functional drink is advantageous for improving the digestion absorption efficiency of the human body to food, improving the feeding of satiety after eating, reducing the possibility of abdominal distension exhaust, promoting normal defecation, reducing the pressure of the gastrointestinal tract, promoting vigor, promoting the health of the circulatory system, helping the body to adjust operation of the immunologic function and enhancing the human body defense mechanism; besides, the drink is advantageous for clearing away superoxide radicals generated in the human body and protecting the cells against damage, and has the characteristics of resisting aging and radiation, improving the tolerance of the cells to oxygen emergency reaction and the like.