The invention discloses a method for measuring volatile components of medicinal material radix curcumae by QAMS (Quantitative Analysis of Multi-components by Single-marker). The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparation of a test liquor: taking the medicinal material radix curcumae, extracting a volatile oil by a steam distillation method, passing through a C8 or C18 stationary phase column, abandoning effluent, eluting with methanol, and collecting a methanol eluent for fixing a volume and being used as the test solution; (2) preparation of a reference liquor: taking curdione, dissolving with methanol, fixing the volume and using as the reference solution; (3) taking the test solution and the reference solution, respectively injecting into a high performance liquid chromatograph to obtain a chromatogram; and (4) first, using the reference product curdione as a reference, using a one-point external standard method or a working curve method to calculate the content of curdione in the test solution, then using a correction factor to calculate contents of curcumene ketone, curcumenol, curzerenone and germacrone. The method realizes simultaneous measurement of five sesquiterpenoids, reduces production cost, improves production efficiency and economic benefits, is fast and accurate, and can more comprehensively cover the quality of the medicinal materials.