A research method for multidisciplinary design optimization of a certain earth observation satellite includes the steps of 1, analyzing different disciplines which the earth observation satellite is related to, by a mathematical model layer L1, determining a design variable range, finally determining a mathematical model of the earth observation satellite, and transmitting the information of the mathematical model to an optimization model layer L2; 2, on the basis that the optimization model layer L2 already acquires the information of the mathematical model, determining an optimization target and a bound variable, establishing an optimization model, and transmitting the information of the optimization model to an algorithmic computation layer L3; 3, acquiring a group of computation results by an enveloped dual algorithm computation module of the algorithmic computation layer L3, and providing a result data layer L4 with the computation results; 4, analyzing the computation results in the result data layer L4; if the computation results meet a convergence criterion, transmitting the results to an application layer L5; if not, modifying a design variable, and repeating the steps from 1 to 4. Compared to the traditional satellite design, test, modification design and test process, the method has the advantage that efficiency is improved.