162 results about "Speed of light" patented technology

A portable articulated arm coordinate measuring machine for measuring the coordinates of an object in space is provided. The AACMM includes a base and an arm portion having an opposed first and second ends. The arm portion including a plurality of connected arm segments that each includes at least one position transducer for producing a position signal. An electronic circuit is provided that receives the position signal from the at least one position transducer and provides data corresponding to a position of the measurement device. A noncontact three-dimensional measuring device is coupled to the first end, the device having an electromagnetic radiation transmitter and is configured to determine a distance to an object based at least in part on the speed of light in air. A processor is configured to determine the three-dimensional coordinates of a point on the object in response to receiving the position signals and the distance to the object.

A system and method of obtaining high accuracy position information relating to one or more mobile transmitters within a wireless tracking system relies upon phase differences for the time difference of arrival measurements of the transmitter(s). One or more transmitters send signals to multiple receivers, and the time difference of arrival of the transmitter(s) radio signals received at each receiver is used to determine the physical location of the transmitter(s). The high accuracy of the system is obtained through a process of using the transmitter(s)' signals' phase as a reference for time measurements. Since electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, knowing how long it takes for a wave to travel from the transmitter to the receiver stations enables a central station to determine the distances the receiver stations are from the transmitter. With predetermined receiver station coordinates, the coordinate of an object embedded with, or carrying, the transmitter can be determined.

The time difference of arrival for a signal received at two or more receiving sites as transmitted from a wireless communications device, is determined by a frequency domain technique. The constituent frequencies of the signals received at the two or more receiving sites are determined, including the phase, or a value representative of the phase, of each frequency component. The phase values for the same frequency are subtracted to yield a phase difference values as a function of frequency. The slope of the function represents the time difference of arrival for the wireless communications device signal as received at the two receiving sites. To determine the mobile location based on the determined time difference of arrival values, a seed or initial location is first assumed for the wireless communications device and the distance difference of arrival (the time difference of arrival multiplied by the speed of light) is calculated. The calculated time difference of arrival is then used to adjust the distance difference of arrival by continuously iterating the position of the wireless communications device until the calculated distance of arrival and the calculated time difference of arrival (as multiplied by the speed of light) are within a predetermined margin.

The time difference of arrival for a signal received at two or more receiving sites as transmitted from a wireless communications device, is determined by a frequency domain technique. The constituent frequencies of the signals received at the two or more receiving sites are determined, including the phase, or a value representative of the phase, of each frequency component. The phase values for the same frequency are subtracted to yield a phase difference values as a function of frequency. The slope of the function represents the time difference of arrival for the wireless communications device signal as received at the two receiving sites. To determine the mobile location based on the determined time difference of arrival values, a seed or initial location is first assumed for the wireless communications device and the distance difference of arrival (the time difference of arrival multiplied by the speed of light) is calculated. The calculated time difference of arrival is then used to adjust the distance difference of arrival by continuously iterating the position of the wireless communications device until the calculated distance of arrival and the calculated time difference of arrival (as multiplied by the speed of light) are within a predetermined margin.

An optical measurement device is provided includes a tracker device configured to emit a first beam of light and receive a portion of the first beam of light reflected off of a target. The first beam of light being emitted from a gimbal location, the tracker device further including an absolute distance meter configured to determine the distance to the target. A scanner device is provided that is configured to emit a second beam of light along a pathway without reversing direction and receive a portion of the second beam of light reflected off an object. The second beam of light being emitted from the gimbal location, the scanner further being configured to determine the distance to the object based at least in part on the speed of light.

The invention discloses a photonic neural network convolutional layer chip based on a micro-ring resonator. The chip is universal to all deep learning technologies including convolutional calculation.According to the chip, vectorized to-be-calculated signals are loaded on different optical wavelengths by means of a wavelength division multiplexing mode. The micro-ring resonator and a balance photoelectric detector form a weight matrix, convolutional calculation of the to-be-calculated signals and the weight matrix can be completed, and a convolutional result is output. By utilizing the tunability of the integrated micro-ring resonator, the convolutional calculation of any numerical value can be realized. In addition, the speed of the convolutional calculation is increased to a constant level (that is, the speed of light) by using light as a numerical calculation medium, and the advantage of a higher energy efficiency ratio is achieved.

A plasma processing apparatus capable of processing a wafer having a diameter of 300 mm or greater with high accuracy and uniformity, the apparatus comprising a decompressable container 1, a stage 2 disposed within container 1 and supporting a wafer 3 thereon, a substantially circular conductive plate 7 disposed substantially in parallel with the wafer 3 and opposing the stage 2, and a high frequency power source 11 connected to the conductive plate 7 and supplying power to generate a plasma within a space interposed between the stage 2 and the conductive plate 7, characterized in that a frequency f1 of the power is within the range of 100 MHz<F1<(0.6×C) / (2.0×D) Hz with respect to a speed of light C in vacuum and a diameter D of the wafer being processed.

A laser scanner which operates pursuant to the elapsed time principle and which has a pulsed laser that directs successive light pulses into a monitored region. The laser scanner further has a light receiving arrangement for receiving light pulses reflected by an object in the monitored region and that generates electric received signals which are fed to an evaluation unit for determining a distance between the object and the laser scanner based on the elapsed time between the emission of the light pulse and the receipt of the reflected pulse and the speed of light from which a distance signal is formed that is representative of the distance between the object and the scanner. There is a light diverter unit between the pulsed laser and the monitored region which continuously directs light pulses along different directions into the monitored region. A light source is provided which emits a light measuring signal of reduced strength which is also continuously directed into the monitored region in continuously changing directions. The light receiving arrangement is configured to receive the light measuring signal reflected by the object in the monitored region and to generate a reflection signal that is representative of the reflection characteristics of the object. The light pulses and the receiving signals are changeable in dependency of the reflection signal.

A method for producing a high frequency optical signal component representative of a high frequency electrical input signal component, includes the following steps: providing a semiconductor transistor structure that includes a base region of a first semiconductor type between semiconductor emitter and collector regions of a second semiconductor type; providing, in the base region, at least one region exhibiting quantum size effects; providing emitter, base, and collector electrodes respectively coupled with the emitter, base, and collector regions; applying electrical signals, including the high frequency electrical signal component, with respect to the emitter, base, and collector electrodes to produce output spontaneous light emission from the base region, aided by the quantum size region, the output spontaneous light emission including the high frequency optical signal component representative of the high frequency electrical signal component; providing an optical cavity for the light emission in the region between the base and emitter electrodes; and scaling the lateral dimensions of the optical cavity to control the speed of light emission response to the high frequency electrical signal component.

A technique is provided for filtering far-field electrical cardiac signals from near-field signals. Atrial tip and ring signals are sensed using unipolar electrodes and any timing differences between corresponding events within the signals are detected. Then, far-field signals are filtered from the tip and ring signals based on the detected timing differences, such that substantially only near-field atrial signals remain. The technique exploits the fact that near-field atrial signals are sensed when a conduction wave passes by the atrial electrodes. In contrast, far-field signals from the ventricles propagate to the atrium at near the speed of light. Hence, any significant timing difference between corresponding events appearing in the atrial signals is indicative of a near-field event, whereas the lack of a significant timing difference is indicative of a far-field event. In one example, a sense amplifier is provided with a Boolean logic circuit to aid in time delay-based filtering.

A method and devices are disclosed, for tracking a radio beacon from a moving device, while the beacon transmits periodic signals, which the device detects at least at two different locations, and the device provided with information enabling determining the time difference between transmissions of these periodic signals. The method discloses a formula for estimating the angle between the course of the moving device and the beacon: ar cos [c*(TDOA12−TDOT12) / baseline12]; wherein the moving device detects signal 1 and signal 2 respectively at location 1 and location 2, the distance between these locations defined as baseline12, TDOA12 is the Time Difference of Arrival of the signals at the two locations, TDOT12 is the time difference between transmission of these signals, and c is the speed of light.

A positioning method in two or more cellular networks calculates a gradient (grad (J)) of an optimization function for estimating position of UE:J=∑j=1Nswj∑i=1Njwij[(X-X0j-X-Xij)-cΔtij]2,wherein X0j is the position of a reference cell of the jth network, Xij is the position of the ith cell of the jth network, Wij is the weight directly proportional to the downlink signal receiving intensity of the ith cell of the jth network, wj is the weight inversely proportional to the signal code continuing time of the jth network, ∥x−x0∥=√{square root over ((x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2)}{square root over ((x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2)}{square root over ((x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2)} is the Euclidian distance, Nj is the number of non-reference cell of the jth network, Ns is the number of networks, c is the speed of light.

The invention relates to a method for determining the type and / or quantity of items to be washed (30) in a dishwasher machine (1). According to said method, the items to be washed (30) are placed in compartments (3, 4) in the washing region (2) of the machine, the loading of said compartments (3, 4) being detected by an image detection system (31, 32, 33). Said image detection system (31, 32,33) measures distances between items in a contactless manner by means of the speed of light in order to obtain a three-dimensional image of the rinsing region (2).

A method for time travel, which allows an object or a group of objects to travel into the past or the future, as well as a method to cut objects from the past or future and paste them to the current environment. The present invention, called the practical time machine, requires teams of super intelligent robots that work together in the virtual world and the real world to generate a perfect timeline of planet Earth. The timeline of Earth records all objects, events and actions every fraction of a nanosecond for the past or the future. A time traveler will set a time travel date; the time traveler can be one object or a group of objects. Next, atom manipulators are scattered throughout the Earth to change objects in our current environment based on the timeline; and incrementally, change the current environment until the time travel date. Each atom manipulator is intelligent and manipulates the current environment as well as generating ghost machines to manipulate the current environment. Also, components of the practical time machine can be used to create technology for the purpose of: building cars, planes and rockets that travel at the speed of light, building intelligent weapons, creating physical objects from thin air, using a chamber to manipulate objects, building force fields, making objects invisible, building super powerful lasers, building anti-gravity machines, creating strong metals and alloys, creating the smallest computer chips, collecting energy without any solar panels or wind turbines, making physical DNA, manipulating existing DNA, making single cell organisms, controlling the software and hardware of computers and servers without an internet connection, and manipulating any object in the world.

The present invention relates to a multi-core optical fiber enabling calculation effectively using the MEMO technology. The multi-core optical fiber has a plurality of cores and a cladding and the cores rotate around a fiber axis. A conditional expression defined by an average twist rate γ (rad / m), the shortest distance Λ (m) between centers of the cores, a group index ng, an in-use bending radius R (m), the speed of light in vacuum c (m / s), and the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter π is not more than 7.91×10−12 (s / m1 / 2) as an example.

The invention relates to optical sensor measurement methods that use a swept wavelength optical source to determine wavelength shift as well as to optical sensor systems that embody and employ these methods. A variable scan rate swept optical source is used to determine the optical path length from the optical interrogator to the optical sensors being measured. This data can then be used as desired or needed in implementing the sensor or making sensor measurements. In particular the data can be used in the optical sensor system to compensate for potential measurement errors due to the finite speed of light in the optical medium interconnecting optical sensors under test.

An analyzer apparatus and method of use thereof is configured to dynamically interrogate a sample. For example, an analyzer using light interrogates a tissue sample using a temporal resolution system on a time scale of less than about one hundred nanoseconds. Optionally, near-infrared photons are introduced to a sample with a known illumination zone to detection zone distance allowing calculation of parameters related to photon pathlength in tissue and / or molar absorptivity of an individual or group through the use of the speed of light and / or one or more indices of refraction. Optionally, more accurate estimation of tissue properties are achieved through use of: knowledge of incident photon angle relative to skin, angularly resolved detector positions, anisotropy, skin temperature, environmental information, information related to contact pressure, blood glucose concentration history, and / or a skin layer thickness, such as that of the epidermis and dermis.

An apparatus and method for determining the distance from a distance-measuring-device to an object by sending a light-pulse from a light-emitting component toward the object by passing a current pulse through the component. A value based on the current or voltage across the component is used to determine the reference-time T0 when the value exceeds a first threshold-value, and determines first-time T1 when the value is reduced to a second threshold-value THL2. T1 is used to define two time-windows when intensity of reflected light is integrated to provide two values (Q1 / Q3 and Q2 / Q4) to determine a time of flight for the light-pulse based on the two values (Q1 / Q3 and Q2 / Q4), the difference between T0 and T1 (T1-T0), and the speed of light, c.

The invention provides a multi-ocular camera system, a device and a synchronization method. The synchronization method comprises the following steps: a hardware signal generating device generates a synchronization signal, and simultaneously transmits the synchronization signal to a plurality of camera units through cables; the plurality of camera units receive the synchronization signal transmitted by the hardware signal generating device, and each camera unit is triggered by the synchronization signal to shoot a synchronous two-dimensional image; and a synchronous image matching device acquires the synchronous two-dimensional images shot by each camera unit, and synchronously matches the plurality of acquired synchronous two-dimensional images. According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, the hardware signal generating device transmits the generated synchronization signal to the plurality of camera units through the cables to shoot the synchronous two-dimensional images, and matching of the synchronous two-dimensional images is realized through the synchronous image matching device. The transmission speed of signal transmission through the cables is close to the speed of light, and time is hardly consumed, so that accurate synchronization of a plurality of camera units in a large-baseline multi-ocular camera system can be realized through transmission of the synchronization signal via the cables.

A method for producing a high frequency optical signal component representative of a high frequency electrical input signal component, includes the following steps: providing a semiconductor transistor structure that includes a base region of a first semiconductor type between semiconductor emitter and collector regions of a second semiconductor type; providing, in the base region, at least one region exhibiting quantum size effects; providing emitter, base, and collector electrodes respectively coupled with the emitter, base, and collector regions; applying electrical signals, including the high frequency electrical signal component, with respect to the emitter, base, and collector electrodes to produce output spontaneous light emission from the base region, aided by the quantum size region, the output spontaneous light emission including the high frequency optical signal component representative of the high frequency electrical signal component; providing an optical cavity for the light emission in the region between the base and emitter electrodes; and scaling the lateral dimensions of the optical cavity to control the speed of light emission response to the high frequency electrical signal component.

The invention provides a time delay compensation device and a time delay compensation method for the self-adaptive optical fiber length in a quantum key distribution system. The device comprises a sending terminal, a receiving terminal and a single optical fiber positioned between the sending terminal and the receiving terminal, wherein the sending terminal comprises a processor, a timer, a classic light laser, a synchronous light laser, a quantum light laser, an electrically-controlled attenuator, a wavelength division multiplexer and a classical light detector; the method comprises the steps of carrying out distance measurement on optical fiber channels, calculating time delay and compensating. According to the device and the method, in the quantum key distribution system, the relative time delay of synchronous light and quantum light is measured and calculated according to the different lengths of the optical fiber channels, and time delay compensation is then added into the sending terminal; the problem of time delay drift caused by the different transmission speeds of light sources with different wavelengths in the same optical fiber is solved by using an active compensation method, so that error codes are reduced, and the stability of system operation is even guaranteed.

A method for determining at least one of the type and the quantity of items to be washed in a dishwasher machine is provided for use with a dishwashing machine having a washing chamber in which the items are placed in receptacles for subsequent washing of the items during a dishwashing program with the respective disposition of the items in the receptacles constituting the load of the receptacles in the washing chamber of the dishwasher machine. The method includes detecting the load of the receptacles by an image detection system that measures distances in a non-contact manner by means of the speed of light such that the measured distances can be evaluated to obtain a three-dimensional image of the washing chamber.

A system for measuring backscattered light from a sample is given. Light is output from a light source towards a rotating mirror, and then reflected by the rotating mirror towards the sample. The sample reflects backscattered light back towards the rotating mirror, which, having moved during the time it took for the light to propagate from the mirror to the sample and back, reflects the backscattered light to a detector located at a physical separation from the light source. The detected backscattered light may be analyzed to determine various properties of the sample.

A method estimates a distance between transceivers in a wireless communications network. A first time interval T is set in a transmitter and a receiver. A signal is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver at a time t2 according to a first clock of the transmitter. The signal is received in the receiver at a time t3. Processing delays of the receivers are determined. A reply to the signal is sent from the receiver to the transmitter at a time t6 such that |t3−t6|=T. The reply is received in the transmitter at a time t7 of the first clock and a distance d between the transmitter and the receiver is determined according to d=c(|t2−t7|−T) / 2, where c is the speed of light.

A short-pulse mode-locked laser is configured with at least two reflective elements defining a resonant cavity therebetween, a laser gain element (“GE”) placed inside the resonant cavity at normal incidence and selected from transition metal doped II-VI materials; and an optical pump emitting pulsed output to synchronously or quasi-synchronously pump the GE at a pulse repetition rate frequency fpump, the pump being configured so that the fpump substantially matches an inversed round trip time in the resonant cavity flaser:fpump≈flaser=c / 2L, where c is the speed of light, L is the length of the resonant cavity. The synchronous or quasi-synchronous pumping triggers and sustains a short-pulse emission of the laser with picosecond or femtosecond pulse durations.

A laser scanner which operates pursuant to the elapsed time principle and which has a pulsed laser that directs successive light pulses into a monitored region. The laser scanner further has a light receiving arrangement for receiving light pulses reflected by an object in the monitored region and that generates electric received signals which are fed to an evaluation unit for determining a distance between the object and the laser scanner based on the elapsed time between the emission of the light pulse and the receipt of the reflected pulse and the speed of light from which a distance signal is formed that is representative of the distance between the object and the scanner. There is a light diverter unit between the pulsed laser and the monitored region which continuously directs light pulses along different directions into the monitored region. A light source is provided which emits a light measuring signal of reduced strength which is also continuously directed into the monitored region in continuously changing directions. The light receiving arrangement is configured to receive the light measuring signal reflected by the object in the monitored region and to generate a reflection signal that is representative of the reflection characteristics of the object. The light pulses and the receiving signals are changeable in dependency of the reflection signal.

A velocimetry system for measuring the velocity of a moving body propagating through a measurement volume includes a light source for emitting a light beam, a controller for generating a modulation pattern corresponding to a desired set of fringes to be generated in the measurement volume, and a spatial light modulator operatively connected to the controller to receive therefrom the modulation pattern. The spatial light modulator is configured to spatially modulate the light beam according to the modulation pattern in order to generate the desired set of fringes in the measurement volume. Also provided are a light detector for measuring the energy of the light scattered by the moving body as it intersects the fringes, and a data analysis unit operatively connected to the light detector and adapted to determine the velocity of the moving body from at least one fringe characteristic and the energy of the scattered light measured.