The invention discloses a self-adaptive optical fiber array type laser transmit-receive system used for spatial coherent light communication, which comprises a self-adaptive optical fiber coupler array, an integrated device, a subunit optical fiber branching device group, a coupling energy photoelectric detector group, a multichannel high voltage amplifier, a multichannel tilt aberration controller, a N X 1 self-adaptive beam combination module, a three-port optical fiber circulator, a signal loading phase modulator, a signal emission laser, a local oscillator laser, a local oscillator optical phase modulator, a mixer, a balanced detector, a digital signal demodulation module, a low pass filter and a frequency mixing piston aberration controller. The self-adaptive optical fiber coupler array is utilized to divide beams and to correct the tilt aberration in a subaperture; the piston aberration between optical fiber arrays is compensated by adopting an optimized control algorithm, so as to realize beam combination to strengthen the light energy of a received signal, and improve the mixing efficiency of signal light and intrinsic light, thereby reducing the bit error rate; the self-adaptive optical fiber array type laser transmit-receive system also can be used as a transmitting terminal, and wavefront pre-compensation for transmitting signal light is realized by utilizing the reciprocity principle of a light path.