The invention discloses a device and a method for quantitatively analyzing mine environment gas based on a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system. The device comprises a femtosecond laser, a beam splitter, an optical delay device, a reflecting mirror, a polarizer, a focusing lens, a terahertz emitter, a gas sampling tank, indium tin oxide conductive glass, a zinc telluride electro-optical crystal, a high-power amplifier, a data acquiring and processing system, a quarter-wave plate, a Wollaston prism, a balance detector, a phase-locked amplifier and a computer. The method for quantitatively analyzing the mine environment gas, provided by the invention, comprises the following steps: firstly, establishing a quantitative analysis model of the mine environment gas; secondly, acquiring a terahertz spectrum of gas to be measured through the device provided by the invention; thirdly, determining the content of each component in the mine environment gas by using the established quantitative analysis model. The method has the characteristics of simple structure, operability, high analysis speed, high accuracy and the like. The method provided by the invention can be applied to mixture analysis in other fields.