The invention discloses a polarization-maintaining fiber grating two-dimensional vector vibration sensor. The sensor comprises a broadband light source, a polarization control unit, a sensing probe and an orthogonal polarization demodulation unit, wherein the polarization control unit comprises a polarizer and a polarization controller, the sensing probe comprises an optical fiber probe, the optical fiber probe comprises a polarization-maintaining fiber grating and a cladding-fiber core energy re-coupling structure and is used for sensing the environment vibration information, the optical fiber probe is written in polarization-maintaining fiber, the cladding-fiber core energy re-coupling structure is welded through a polarization-maintaining/single-mode fiber core axial aligning mode, the orthogonal polarization demodulation unit comprises a filter, a polarization beam splitter, two photoelectric detectors and an orthogonal polarization vector synthesizer, and the polarization control unit, the sensing probe and the orthogonal polarization demodulation unit are connected through an optical fiber circulator or a coupler. By the aid of the mechanism, the two-dimensional vibration direction identification based on the single-optical fiber grating can be achieved. The mechanism has the advantages of being high in flexibility, compact in structure, low in cost and easy for network deployment.