A gear transmission multidisciplinary reliability analysis method considering cognition and random uncertainty in an actual engineering design process belongs to the technical field of design optimization and reliability design of mechanical products and includes quantizing the cognition and the random uncertainty of gear modules, tooth number, tooth surface width, distance between bearings and gear diameter caused by the factors of processing, assembly, material characteristics, applied load, external environment and the like, establishing multidisciplinary reliability integrated evaluation index, integrating of the reliability analysis method and a multidisciplinary design optimization strategy, decoupling of a multidisciplinary reliability analysis process, and being based on a functional measurement method. The gear transmission multidisciplinary reliability analysis method considering the cognition and the random uncertainty provides a comprehensive quantitative method, establishes the multidisciplinary reliability integrated evaluation index which is more conformable to engineering practice, integrates a traditional reliability analysis method and the multidisciplinary design optimization strategy, and provides a new thought for reliability analysis of gear transmission products.