The invention discloses a system and method for detecting effective prestressing force under anchor by adopting a method for detecting and stabilizing clamping piece displacement, the detection system and the detection method are included, and the detection system comprises a computer control center, a measurement control terminal, an oil pump, a jack, a force sensor, a displacement measurement tool, an anchor head and a steel strand; the detection method comprises the following implementation steps: S1, mounting a basic detection system; S2, detecting prepressing of the system; S3, detecting system safety parameter setting; S4, detecting system test parameter setting; S5, detecting system program control and data processing work; and S6, detecting the close of the system. The system and the method have beneficial effects of practical and convenient in use, simple operation, less detection problem, unnecessary of reading knee point, no influence on original prestressing force, high detection reliability, high detection safety and high detection precision.