3385 results about "Electro conductivity" patented technology

The invention provides a rapid welding storage battery busbar structure and a manufacturing process, and relates to the field of lead-acid storage batteries, the rapid welding storage battery busbar structure comprises a plate group, a non-lead metal strip, a non-lead metal positive terminal and a non-lead metal negative terminal, the non-lead metal strip and the non-lead metal positive terminal are made of metal or alloy with the conductivity higher than that of lead, and the non-lead metal strip is electrified to be rapidly heated and is welded with the cluster group tab and the non-lead metal positive and negative terminals at the same time, and after being firmly welded, the non-lead metal strip is cut to form a busbar and is sealed by glue. According to the lead-acid storage battery, metal with the conductivity higher than that of lead is adopted to replace lead and lead-based alloy to serve as the busbar of the lead-acid storage battery, the gravimetric specific energy of the lead-acid storage battery is improved, the material cost of the lead-acid storage battery is reduced, the mode of welding by heating the metal strip is adopted to replace the technology of manufacturing the busbar through hot melting of lead, the production efficiency is improved, and the energy consumption is reduced; meanwhile, clean production is achieved, and lead pollution in the traditional production process is avoided.

The invention relates to a battery monomer, a battery device and a power utilization device, the battery monomer comprises an electrolyte, a positive pole piece and a negative pole piece, the positive pole piece comprises a positive pole current collecting part and a positive pole film layer located on at least one surface of the positive pole current collecting part and containing a positive pole active material, and the positive pole active material comprises lithium-containing phosphate of an olivine structure; the coating weight of one side of the positive electrode film layer is 200mg / 1540.25 mm < 2 > to 370mg / 1540.25 mm < 2 >, the negative electrode plate comprises a negative electrode current collecting part and a negative electrode film layer which is positioned on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collecting part and contains a negative electrode active material, the negative electrode active material comprises a carbon-based material, the conductivity of the electrolyte is 13-20mS / cm, the battery monomer is subjected to constant-current discharge from a 100% state of charge (0.33 C) to 2.0 V at 25 DEG C, and a discharge platform voltage V1 is 3.19-3.235 V. According to the invention, the fast charging performance, the energy density and the cycle performance of the battery monomer can be improved.

The invention discloses a composite polycrystalline positive electrode material which is prepared by permeating and coating a polycrystalline positive electrode material with an oxyhalide solid electrolyte, and the oxyhalide solid electrolyte comprises one or more of Li-Ta-O-Cl, Li-Nb-O-Cl, Li-Zr-O-Cl and Li-Al-O-Cl. The specific oxyhalide electrolyte is adopted to carry out permeation coating on the polycrystalline positive electrode material, uniform coating on the surface of the polycrystalline positive electrode material and grain boundaries in particles is completed, capacity utilization in the particles of the polycrystalline positive electrode material is achieved, and the capacity utilization rate of the particles of the polycrystalline positive electrode material is improved through the coating effect of the oxyhalide with high ionic conductivity. Ion transmission inside and in gaps of the polycrystalline positive electrode material particles is regulated, interface impedance is reduced, energy density is improved, and the application prospect is wide.

The invention relates to a battery monomer, a battery device and a power utilization device, the battery monomer comprises an electrode assembly and an electrolyte, the electrode assembly comprises a positive pole piece and a negative pole piece, the positive pole piece comprises a positive current collector and a positive film layer, the positive film layer comprises a positive active material, the positive active material comprises lithium-containing phosphate of an olivine structure, and the electrolyte is a lithium-containing lithium-containing phosphate of a lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing lithium-containing electrolyte. The resistance of the positive pole piece is 0.1 ohm to 30 ohm, the negative pole piece comprises a negative current collector and a negative film layer, the resistance of the negative pole piece is 0.001 ohm to 0.01 ohm, the electrolyte comprises an organic solvent, the organic solvent comprises a chain ester solvent, and the mass content of the chain ester solvent in the organic solvent is 5% to 75%; the conductivity of the electrolyte at room temperature is 13 mS / cm to 20 mS / cm. The heat production amount of the battery monomer can be reduced, and the use reliability and the cycle performance of the battery monomer can be improved.

The invention provides a positive electrode, a low-temperature electrolyte, a low-temperature sodium-ion battery and a preparation method and application of the low-temperature sodium-ion battery, and belongs to the technical field of battery materials. The low-temperature sodium ion battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a low-temperature electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode active material, a binder, sodium salt containing fluorine and sulfur and conductive carbon; the positive electrode is improved by adding sodium salt containing fluorine and sulfur, sulfur / fluorine rich in anion derivatives can be formed on a contact interface of the positive electrode and an electrolyte to form a firm SEI film, the internal resistance of the battery is further reduced, and the coulombic efficiency of the battery during charging and discharging at normal and low temperatures is improved. The low-temperature electrolyte comprises an ester solvent and an ether additive, by adding the ether solvent, the physicochemical property of the electrolyte and the composition of an SEI film on a contact interface of an electrode and the electrolyte are optimized, the viscosity of the electrolyte at low temperature is reduced, the ionic conductivity is improved, and formation of the SEI film rich in sodium fluoride on the surface of a negative electrode can be promoted; and thus, the problem of low coulombic efficiency of battery charge-discharge cycle at low temperature is solved.

The invention provides a battery monomer, a battery device and a power utilization device. The battery monomer comprises an electrode assembly, wherein the electrode assembly comprises a positive plate, a negative plate and a non-aqueous electrolyte; the positive plate comprises a positive current collector and a positive film layer, and the negative plate comprises a negative current collector and a negative film layer; the positive electrode film layer comprises a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material comprises a lithium manganese iron phosphate material and a nickel cobalt lithium manganate material; in the nickel cobalt lithium manganate material, the molar ratio of Ni in the sum of the three elements of Ni, Co and Mn is 0.5-0.95; the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises vinylene carbonate, and the mass content of the vinylene carbonate in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.5%-2%; the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises at least one of linear carbonic ester and linear carboxylic ester, and the conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is 9-14 mS / cm. The energy density, the cycle performance and the power performance of the battery monomer are improved at the same time.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of sodium-ion batteries, and in particular to an iron-based polyphosphate-type sodium-ion battery positive electrode material, a preparation method therefor and a use thereof. An organic ferrous source, a sodium source, a phosphorus source and a dopant are mixed and then ground until D50 is less than 180 nm, so that the reactivity of the material is improved, a solid-phase reaction is facilitated, and doped high-valence metal elements such as vanadium, niobium, titanium, zirconium and tin can be better doped into lattices of the iron-based polyphosphate-type sodium-ion battery positive electrode material (NFPP), so as to replace the iron site to form lattice defects such as vacancies, thereby improving the ionic conductivity of the material, inhibiting generation of NaFePO4 impurity phase, and improving the capacity and cycling stability of the material.

A power connector system having a right-angle type plug connector or a straight type plug connector engageable with a header connector. The right-angle type plug connector is a plug connector having a mating direction, which is 90 degrees from the centerline of the cables exiting from the plug connector. The straight type plug connector is a plug connector having a mating direction, which is parallel to the centerline of the cables exiting the back of the plug connector. The header connector holds at least a female receiving terminal or receptacle made of a high electrical conductivity material. The female receiving terminal or receptacle includes fingers that extend parallel to each other, and are spaced apart from each other, and further includes a reinforcing spring member. The plug connector holds at least a male rectangular tab terminal, the male rectangular tab terminal having a short edge and a long edge. The female receiving terminal of the header connector may mate with either the short edge or the long edge of the male rectangular tab terminal of the plug connector. The other end of the male rectangular tab terminal includes a wire or a cable attached thereto via welding, mechanical crimp, or the like.

The invention discloses an alkali metal ion oxychloride-based solid electrolyte material and a solid-state battery, and belongs to the technical field of solid electrolyte. The chemical general formula of the solid electrolyte material provided by the invention is A < 2-2x > Zr < 1-x > M < 2x > Cl < 6-6x > O < 3x >, wherein A is an alkali metal element Li or Na; m is metal or lanthanide elements of In, Bi, Sb, Ce and La; x is more than 0 and less than or equal to 0.3. The oxychloride-based solid electrolyte is prepared by the following preparation method: respectively weighing precursor ACl, ZrCl4 and M2O3 (A = Li and Na, and M = In, Bi, Sb, Ce and La) powder materials according to the stoichiometric ratio of a general formula, and carrying out one-step high-speed ball milling, so as to prepare target solid electrolyte powder; the method is applied to solid-state batteries. The alkali metal ion oxychloride-based solid electrolyte shows the advantages of high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, air stability, good deformability and the like in a solid-state battery, and has the advantages of low cost, simple synthesis process, easiness in condition control and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of solid-state batteries, in particular to oxyhalide solid-state electrolyte as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: taking molten salt LiaMbXc as a raw material, reacting with an oxide AdOf in a molten state, removing steam impurities by utilizing a high-temperature vacuumizing mode, and cooling to prepare the oxyhalide solid electrolyte; according to the invention, the molten salt raw material is molten at high temperature to form the ion melt, and the oxygen element is introduced to replace part of halogen, so that the hardness of the target electrolyte is reduced after cooling, the deformability at room temperature is improved, and the obtained electrolyte is high in conductivity and wide in antioxidant electrochemical window. The prepared oxyhalide solid electrolyte is used for preparing a positive electrode, the adhesion force between the electrolyte and positive electrode material particles, the actual microscopic contact area and the ion migration rate are improved through melt permeation, the problem of a positive electrode interface is effectively relieved, and the electrochemical performance of an all-solid-state battery is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel cell electrode material preparation, and particularly relates to a carbon electrode material for a polypyrrole modified bio-based fuel cell and a preparation method of the carbon electrode material. Comprising the following steps: modifying rice hull low-temperature carbonized powder by sequentially adopting POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane) containing unipolar functional groups and POSS containing polypolar functional groups to obtain modified low-temperature carbonized powder; and carrying out in-situ polymerization on a pyrrole monomer on the surface of the modified low-temperature carbonized powder, and carrying out high-temperature carbonization and hydrofluoric acid corrosion to obtain the polypyrrole modified bio-based fuel cell carbon electrode material. The polypolar functional group POSS not only is beneficial to the in-situ polymerization reaction of pyrrole, but also can form a continuous macromolecular chain, and a net structure is formed on the surface of the whole material. The effect of the unipolar functional group POSS is to improve the stability of the low-temperature carbonized powder in the high-temperature carbonization process, and more importantly, the unipolar functional group POSS is to provide a channel for subsequent hydrofluoric acid corrosion, etch away non-conductive substances and improve the conductivity and specific surface area of the carbon electrode material.

The invention belongs to the technical field of all-vanadium redox flow battery electrodes, and discloses a photocuring modified graphite felt for a vanadium battery and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the following steps that functional hyperbranched polyethylene containing silicon-oxygen bonds and double bonds is subjected to auxiliary stripping under the action of ultrasound, and graphite and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are modified in situ at the same time; the preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing a high-concentration carbon nanomaterial dispersion liquid, soaking a graphite felt in the carbon nanomaterial dispersion liquid, adding a photoinitiator, stirring and standing, initiating a double-bond reaction through ultraviolet light irradiation to prepare a cured graphite felt, and further calcining to obtain the modified graphite felt. The carbon nanomaterial is uniformly and firmly adsorbed on the fiber surface of the graphite felt, the conductivity of the graphite felt is increased, meanwhile, a cage type polysilsesquioxane group is introduced, the group contains rich silicon-oxygen bonds, and more reaction active sites are provided, so that the voltage efficiency and the energy efficiency of the all-vanadium redox flow battery are improved.

The invention relates to the field of super-hydrophobic materials, in particular to a basalt fiber composite material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. According to the composite fabric material provided by the invention, a multistage micro-nano rough surface of the MoS2 nanoflowers and the silver nanoparticles is constructed on the fiber substrate, so that not only is super-hydrophobic self-cleaning realized, but also the anti-icing performance is relatively high, and particularly, rapid heating is realized by combining broadband absorption of the MoS2 nanoflowers and a local surface plasma resonance effect of the silver nanoparticles; and meanwhile, the silver nanoparticles accelerate heat conduction, so that excellent ice melting capability is obtained. The high conductivity of the silver nanoparticles constructs a conductive path, and the layered structure of MoS2 triggers interface polarization, so that the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the X wave band is improved. The dual antibacterial mechanism of the MoS2 nanoflowers and the silver nanoparticles also realizes broad-spectrum efficient antibiosis, the preparation method is green and environment-friendly, the cost is low, and the requirements of complex scenes such as wearable electronic equipment, medical protection, polar region protection and national defense can be met.

The present application provides a battery cell, a battery, and an electrical device, belonging to the field of battery technology. The battery cell includes a positive electrode sheet and an electrolyte solution. A coating mass of a positive electrode active material layer on a single side of the positive electrode sheet is 410 mg / 1540.25 mm2 to 550 mg / 1540.25 mm2, and a membrane resistance of the positive electrode sheet is ≥1Ω. A conductivity of the electrolyte solution is ≤14 mS / cm. The battery cell has thick coated electrode sheets, where the lower membrane resistance of the positive electrode sheet indicates its higher conductivity, which is conducive to reducing solid-state ohmic resistance of the battery cell. The higher conductivity of the electrolyte solution is conducive to reducing liquid-phase ohmic impedance of the battery and alleviating concentration polarization to some extent.

The invention provides a distribution network lightning arrester transient temperature distribution improvement method based on insertion of an aluminum gasket, and belongs to the technical field of electrical equipment, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a lightning arrester three-dimensional model in simulation software; constructing the lightning arrester conductivity of the coupling temperature; constructing a lightning stroke simulation model of the lightning arrester; lightning stroke transient temperature distribution of the lightning arrester is obtained, and a lightning stroke comparison result before and after addition of the aluminum gasket is obtained; constructing an aluminum gasket thickness-position set; and obtaining the position-thickness optimization relation of the aluminum gasket, constructing a genetic algorithm model according to the aluminum gasket thickness-position set, and obtaining the optimal aluminum gasket thickness based on the position. The method has the advantages that the temperature change of the ZnO valve plate of the lightning arrester under the lightning impulse is obtained, and the transient temperature distribution of the lightning arrester during the lightning impulse is obtained by using the temperature distribution coefficient; comparing the transient temperature distribution of the lightning arrester before and after adding the aluminum gasket to confirm that the temperature distribution of the lightning arrester can be optimized by adding the aluminum gasket; therefore, the method for introducing the aluminum gasket between the lightning arrester valve plates is provided.

The invention relates to a polymer-based composite solid electrolyte, a preparation method and a sodium solid-state battery, and belongs to the technical field of solid-state batteries. The polymer-based composite solid electrolyte is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 8 to 12 parts of alkene polymer, 4 to 8 parts of sodium salt and 1 to 8 parts of filler, and the filler is nitrided nano TiO2. The polymer-based composite solid electrolyte can be prepared in a simple and efficient mode, the ionic conductivity is high, the electrochemical stability window is wide, the ionic conductivity reaches 0.3-1.2 mS / cm, and the electrochemical stability window reaches 4.3-5.5 V; and meanwhile, the formation of good SEI can be promoted in the sodium solid-state battery, and the interface stability between the electrolyte and the electrode is improved.

The invention provides a water electrolysis hydrogen production system and a control method thereof.The water electrolysis hydrogen production system comprises a water tank, a heat exchanger, an electrolytic bath and a hydrogen-water separator which are sequentially connected through a pipeline, and further comprises a water quality optimization branch, a water inlet end and a water outlet end of the water quality optimization branch communicate with the water tank; the system further comprises a branch variable frequency pump and a resin tank; the first drainage valve is arranged on a drainage pipeline communicated with the drainage port of the water tank; an inlet conductometer and an anode thermometer to detect a first real-time conductivity and real-time temperature of liquid entering the anode input end of the electrolytic cell; the outlet conductivity meter is used for detecting the second real-time conductivity of fluid flowing out of the oxygen output end of the electrolytic bath, and controlling the operation of the branch variable frequency pump and the opening and closing of the drain valve according to the first real-time conductivity, the real-time temperature and the second real-time conductivity; the problem that the service life of an electrolytic cell is short due to the water quality problem of a water electrolysis hydrogen production system in the prior art is solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of composite material lightning protection, in particular to a pyrolytic dynamics simulation analysis method for lightning stroke damage of a carbon fiber composite material. According to the technical scheme, the method comprises the following steps that a new model is established in ABAQUS / CAE, a carbon fiber composite material is established, a laminated plate laying layer is defined, a multi-physical field analysis step is set, load current density is applied to a lightning stroke action area, the pyrolysis behavior of the carbon fiber composite material under lightning stroke high Joule heat is simulated based on a pyrolysis kinetic model, and operation is established in a Job module. And parallel computing parameters are selected and submitted for solution, temperature field distribution is checked, and the current density diffusion trend is verified. Through the electric-thermal-structure coupling model, the conductivity gradient design and the lightning arc model, refined prediction of CFRP lightning stroke damage is achieved, the damage area is reduced, the lightning stroke process is accurately simulated, and the adaptation and protection effects on the lightning stroke environment are improved.

The invention belongs to the field of chemical energy materials, and discloses a modified lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that a lithium source, an iron source and a zinc source are added into water to be stirred and dissolved, then a phosphorus source, a network gelling agent and an initiator are added, stirring reaction is conducted, and wet gel is obtained; and pre-decomposing the wet gel, grinding and sintering to obtain the modified lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material. According to the invention, Zn is introduced into the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material, so that the olivine structure of the positive electrode material and the purity and consistency of the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material are ensured; and Zn is oxidized into Zn < 2 + > to be doped into a lithium iron phosphate structure, so that vacancies are formed, the lithium ion diffusion rate and conductivity of the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material are improved, the rate cycle performance of the prepared modified lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material is stable, and excellent discharge performance and stable rate cycle performance can be kept at low temperature.

The invention provides a battery monomer, a battery device and a power utilization device. The battery monomer comprises an electrode assembly, wherein the electrode assembly comprises a positive plate, a negative plate and a non-aqueous electrolyte; the positive pole piece comprises a positive current collector and a positive film layer, and the negative pole piece comprises a negative current collector and a negative film layer; wherein the positive electrode film layer comprises a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material comprises a lithium iron phosphate material and a nickel cobalt lithium manganate material; in the positive electrode active material, the molar ratio of the Ni element to the sum of the three elements of Ni, Co and Mn is 0.5-0.95; the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises vinylene carbonate, and the mass content of the vinylene carbonate in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.5%-2%; the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises at least one of linear carbonic ester and linear carboxylic ester, and the conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is 9-14 mS / cm. The energy density, the cycle performance and the power performance of the battery monomer are improved at the same time.

An advanced defluoridation agent and a method for removing fluoride ions in fluorine-containing wastewater are provided. The advanced defluoridation agent includes 40-70 wt % of polyaluminum sulfate, 0.3-30 wt % of hydroxyapatite and deionized water supplemented to 100 wt %. Using the advanced defluoridation agent of the present disclosure to treat fluoride-containing wastewater can achieve increased defluorination efficiency, reduced electrical conductivity, and reduced sludge content, and a better defluorination effect. The concentration of fluoride ions is lower than 15 ppm after using the advanced defluoridation agent of the present disclosure.

The invention provides a biomass solid electrolyte film and a preparation method thereof, a diaphragm-free solid-state battery, a solid-state battery and a mechanical device. The method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing biomass sugar, alkaline lithium salt and a first solvent to obtain lithiated biomass sugar which comprises at least one of chitosan, alginic acid and cellulose; (2) mixing the lithiated biomass sugar, a polymer solid electrolyte monomer, an inorganic material, an active lithium salt, an initiator and a second solvent, and polymerizing to obtain a precursor solution; and (3) applying the precursor solution to a base material, and drying to obtain the biomass solid electrolyte film. Therefore, the solid electrolyte film prepared by the method has excellent mechanical strength and toughness and strong machinability, and a solid-state battery prepared by adopting the biomass solid electrolyte film has high ionic conductivity and can replace a diaphragm, prepare a diaphragm-free battery, prolong the cycle life of the battery and improve the safety of the battery.

The invention discloses a rechargeable magnesium battery composite electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof, the electrolyte comprises an organic ether solvent, an electrolyte magnesium salt and an additive, and the additive is one or two of a sulfimide additive or a phosphate additive. By introducing the sulfimide additive into the organic ether solvent electrolyte containing the electrolyte magnesium salt, the kinetic performance of the electrolyte is remarkably improved under the mutual synergistic effect of all the components, the solvation structure of electrolyte magnesium ions is effectively regulated and controlled, the dissolution of the electrolyte magnesium salt is accelerated, the conductivity of the magnesium ions is improved, and the service life of the electrolyte is prolonged. Reversible electrochemical circulation of the magnesium symmetric battery under high current density is realized, the cycle life of the battery is prolonged, a phosphate ester additive is continuously introduced, a phosphorus-rich magnesium ion conductive interface film is formed on the surface of magnesium metal, the transmission capacity of Mg < 2 + > is enhanced, the overpotential and potential barrier of magnesium negative electrode dissolution / deposition are reduced, and the performance of the battery is improved. Therefore, the electrochemical reversibility and coulombic efficiency of the asymmetric battery are improved.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a composite sulfur positive electrode packaged by a sulfide-halide composite electrolyte spherical shell. The composite sulfur positive electrode packaged by the sulfide-halide composite electrolyte spherical shell provided by the invention has a core-shell structure, the inner core is a sulfur-carbon composite material, and the outer layer is a sulfide-halide composite electrolyte shell; the sulfur volume change effect in the charging and discharging process can be effectively relieved, uniform stress distribution and effective contact in the composite positive electrode are ensured, and the utilization rate of positive electrode active substances and the overall energy density of the battery are improved. Meanwhile, the composite sulfur positive electrode provided by the invention has high ionic conductivity at room temperature, can significantly improve the reaction kinetics of the positive electrode and improve the capacity and rate capability of the battery, can be used for assembling and preparing a solid-state lithium-sulfur battery, has good safety performance and high energy density, and has a wide application prospect.

The invention provides an aramid fiber coated diaphragm, a preparation method thereof and an electrochemical device, and relates to the technical field of battery diaphragms.A coating of the aramid fiber coated diaphragm shows inconsistent pore diameters in the thickness direction, on one hand, dissolved transition metal ions can be blocked and adsorbed, and on the other hand, the aramid fiber coated diaphragm has high porosity; the high liquid absorption and retention capacity of the diaphragm can be guaranteed, the ionic conductivity can be improved, and then fast charging under the high-rate condition is achieved. The invention also provides a method for preparing the diaphragm, and the aperture of the section of the coating layer is differentiated by regulating and controlling the content of the cosolvent, the content of aramid in the aramid stock solution and the steam bath temperature.

The invention discloses a positive electrode material, the positive electrode material is a lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxide, the positive electrode material comprises secondary particles, the secondary particles comprise a plurality of primary particles, the positive electrode material has a primary particle microcrystalline coefficient P, and the microcrystalline coefficient P is more than or equal to 20000 and less than or equal to 100000. According to the single crystal material provided by the invention, the number of microcrystals in the primary particles is increased, so that the ionic conductivity of the material is enhanced, and the problems of high impedance, low capacity and the like of large-particle single crystals are solved.

An ice making appliance defines a vertical direction, a lateral direction, and a transverse direction. The ice making appliance includes a cabinet, an ice storage compartment, an ice mold provided above the ice storage compartment, a first reservoir provided within the cabinet, a deionization filter provided within the first reservoir, a conductivity sensor coupled to the deionization filter, and a first circulation system is provided in the first reservoir. The first circulation system includes an inlet downstream of the deionization filter whereby the first circulation system supplies filtered water to the ice mold. A second reservoir is provided within the cabinet, and the second reservoir in fluid communication with the first reservoir.

Adapters for surgical drilling systems, and methods of use, are provided for performing surgical procedures, such as surgical drilling into bony structures, while guided by a conductivity sensing system. The adapters may be configured to be coupled to a surgical drilling tool such as a conventional surgical drill and a drill bit having conductivity sensing capabilities, or a surgical hand tool having conductivity sensing capabilities. The adapters further include a controller configured to receive one or more signal indicative of measured electrical conductivity and / or penetration depth measurement, detect a condition associated with a change of measured electrical conductivity based on the signal, and arrest advancement of the surgical drilling tool responsive to detection of the condition.

The invention discloses a high-interface-stability composite solid electrolyte membrane as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The composite solid electrolyte membrane comprises a gradient aperture three-dimensional porous skeleton formed by sintering inorganic solid electrolyte particles, a polymer electrolyte filled in a pore channel, and a plastic interface stable layer positioned between the electrolyte membrane and an electrode. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing a gradient aperture porous framework through a pore-forming agent template method and a tape casting technology, dipping and filling a polymer electrolyte precursor solution in a solution, accelerating in-situ polymerization by adopting electric induction, and performing hot-pressing treatment. The composite solid-state electrolyte membrane has high ionic conductivity, excellent interface compatibility and high mechanical strength, can effectively inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, can be applied to solid-state batteries such as lithium metal batteries, lithium sulfur batteries and lithium air batteries, and can remarkably prolong the cycle life and improve the safety performance of the batteries, and the preparation process is suitable for large-scale production.

The invention provides a composite material modified diaphragm, which comprises a base membrane and a composite material film compounded on the surface of the base membrane, and the raw materials of the composite material film comprise a binder, a mesoporous molecular sieve and a sodium salt. The invention also provides a sodium ion battery without a negative electrode. According to the composite material modified diaphragm provided by the invention, the raw materials comprise the mesoporous molecular sieve and the sodium salt, the mesoporous molecular sieve provides a diffusion path for directional transmission of sodium ions, the ionic conductivity of the composite material modified diaphragm is increased by the sodium salt, and meanwhile, the cycle performance of the sodium ion battery is improved by adding the mesoporous molecular sieve and the sodium salt.